What are surveillance definitions?

What are surveillance definitions?

noun. a watch kept over a person, group, etc., especially over a suspect, prisoner, or the like: The suspects were under police surveillance. continuous observation of a place, person, group, or ongoing activity in order to gather information: video cameras used for covert surveillance. See also electronic surveillance …

How do you calculate VAP?

Thus, if 25 patients were ventilated during the month and, for purposes of example, each was on mechanical ventilation for 3 days, the number of ventilator days would be 25 x 3 = 75 ventilator days for February. The Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Rate per 1,000 Ventilator Days then would be 12/75 x 1,000 = 160.

How common is VAP?

Eighty-six percent of nosocomial pneumonias are associated with mechanical ventilation and are termed ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Between 250,000 and 300,000 cases per year occur in the United States alone, which is an incidence rate of 5 to 10 cases per 1,000 hospital admissions (134, 170).

Can being intubated cause pneumonia?

The presence of endotracheal tubes and duration of this intervention have been associated with the highest risk (2, 3) of developing nosocomial pneumonia, and the procedure of intubation itself increases this risk significantly, as has been demonstrated in patients requiring reintubation (2, 4, 5).

What is the best indicator of ventilator associated pneumonia?

In the ICU, portable chest radiography is commonly used in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). No single radiographic sign has diagnostic accuracy better than 68%. Air bronchograms are probably the best predictor of VAP.

How can VAP be prevented in ICU patients?

To reduce risk for VAP, the following nurse-led evidence-based practices are recommended: reduce exposure to mechanical ventilation, provide excellent oral care and subglottic suctioning, promote early mobility, and advocate for adequate nurse staffing and a healthy work environment.

How do you prevent VAP?

Top 3 Recommendations for VAP Prevention

1. Practice Good Hand Hygiene. Always clean your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based rub before touching the patient or the ventilator.
2. Maintain the Patient’s Oral Hygiene.
3. Maintain the Patient in a Semirecumbent Position.

Why does intubation cause pneumonia?

Indirectly, intubation can result in an enhanced capacity of tracheobronchial cells to bind gram-negative bacteria, an effect that favors airway colonization and pneumonia.

Can Ventilator cause infection?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU). VAP is a major source of increased illness and death.

What causes VAP?

Typically, bacteria causing early-onset VAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae (as well as other streptococcus species), Hemophilus influenzae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), antibiotic-sensitive enteric Gram-negative bacilli, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter species, Proteus …

What is the VAP bundle?

The VAP prevention bundle includes: head of bed elevation to 30 to 45 degrees, oral care with Chlorhexidine 0.12%, peptic ulcer prophylaxis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, and spontaneous awakening trials and breathing trials. This guide presents evidence-based practices to promote VAP reduction.

What is the biggest risk factor for hospital-acquired pneumonia?

Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) include mechanical ventilation for > 48 h, residence in an ICU, duration of ICU or hospital stay, severity of underlying illness, and presence of comorbidities. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter are the most common causes of HAP.

What kind of infections can you get from a hospital?

The most common types of HAIs are:

• urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• surgical site infections.
• gastroenteritis.
• meningitis.
• pneumonia.

When should an outbreak of infection be suspected?

Two or more cases of diarrhoea and/or vomiting in a 24 hour period in an institution or among a group of people who shared a common exposure or food source should be suspected as constituting an outbreak and an assessment or investigation commenced.

How do hospitals manage an outbreak of infection?

The key actions in the management of an outbreak are:

1. Initial investigation and risk assessment.
2. Declaration of outbreak.
3. The OCT convene.
4. Implementation of immediate control measures.
5. Treatment.
6. Ongoing monitoring and management.
7. Declaration that the outbreak is over.
8. Final report.

How do you determine if an outbreak has occurred?

An outbreak with multiple sick people can be missed if they are spread out over a wide area. Outbreaks are detected by using public health surveillance methods, including PulseNet, formal reports of illnesses, and informal reports of illnesses.

What are the 4 main routes for infection to enter the body?

Microorganisms capable of causing disease—pathogens—usually enter our bodies through the mouth, eyes, nose, or urogenital openings, or through wounds or bites that breach the skin barrier. Organisms can spread—or be transmitted—by several routes.

What are the 5 modes of transmission?

The modes (means) of transmission are: Contact (direct and/or indirect), Droplet, Airborne, Vector and Common Vehicle. The portal of entry is the means by which the infectious microorganisms gains access into the new host. This can occur, for example, through ingestion, breathing, or skin puncture.

What are the 6 parts of the chain of infection?

The 6 points include: the infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. The way to stop germs from spreading is by interrupting the chain at any link.