What are the factors when constructing good test items?

What are the factors when constructing good test items?

(i) Preparing the Test Items:

• Test items must be appropriate for the learning outcome to be measured:
• Test items should measure all types of instructional objectives and the whole content area:
• The test items should be free from ambiguity:
• The test items should be of appropriate difficulty level:

What are the principles of constructing a test?

Principles of Test Construction

• VALIDITY.
• Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure, to the extent it is supposed to measure?
• RELIABILITY.
• Is the test consistent?
• Is it reproducible?
• OBJECTIVITY.
• Is the test fair?
• DISCRIMINATION.

What is the most important criteria in test construction?

 Criteria to Consider when Constructing Good Tests A. Validity – is the degree to which the test measures what is intended to measure. It is the usefulness of the test for a given purpose. It is the most important criterion of a good examination.

What are the general considerations in constructing objective type test items?

The stem of the item should clearly formulate a problem. Include as much of the item as possible, keeping the response options as short as possible. However, include only the material needed to make the problem clear and specific.

What is the test administration?

Test administration procedures are developed for an exam program in order to help reduce measurement error and to increase the likelihood of fair, valid, and reliable assessment. Specifically, appropriate standardized procedures improve measurement by increasing consistency and test security.

What are the steps in item analysis?

Steps in item analysis (relative criteria tests)

1. award of a score to each student.
2. ranking in order of merit.
3. identification of groups: high and low.
4. calculation of the difficulty index of a question.
5. calculation of the discrimination index of a question.
6. critical evaluation of each question enabling a given question to be retained, revised or rejected.

What are the two kinds of item analysis?

Item analysis

• Item Analysis.
• Item Analysis is a process of examining the student’s response to individual item in the test.
• There are two types of item analysis: – Quantitative Item Analysis – Qualitative Item Analysis.

What is a table of specification?

The table of specifications (TOS) is a tool used to ensure that a test or assessment measures the content and thinking skills that the test intends to measure. That is, a TOS helps test constructors to focus on issue of response content, ensuring that the test or assessment measures what it intends to measure.

What is the importance of item analysis?

Item Analysis is an important (probably the most important) tool to increase test effectiveness. Each items contribution is analyzed and assessed. To write effective items, it is necessary to examine whether they are measuring the fact, idea, or concept for which they were intended.

What is the purpose of validating the test?

Validation refers to the process of collecting validity evidence to evaluate the appropriateness of the interpretations, uses, and decisions based on assessment results.

What is assessment method?

Methods of Assessment. Methods will vary depending on the learning outcome(s) to be measured. Direct methods are when students demonstrate that they have achieved a learning outcome or objective. Data collected can be analyzed to assess student learning outcomes for a program.

What is the role of conducting distractor analysis?

The distractor analysis provides a measure of how well each of the incorrect options contributes to the quality of a multiple choice item. Once the item analysis information is available, an item review is often conducted.

What is effective distractor?

An effective distractor is one that attracts students with misconceptions or errors in thinking and reasoning, generally those with lower overall ability.

What are distractor questions?

Distractors are the incorrect answers in a multiple choice question. Choosing your distractors poorly can make your multiple choice questions much easier or harder than you may have intended.

How do you calculate difficulty index?

Determine the Difficulty Index by dividing the number who got it correct by the total number of students. For Question #1, this would be 8/10 or p=. 80.

What is a good difficulty index?

11, 12 Discrimination index of 0.40 and up is considered as very good items, 0.30–0.39 is reasonably good, 0.20–0.29 is marginal items (i.e. subject to improvement), and 0.19 or less is poor items (i.e. to be rejected or improved by revision).

What is a difficulty index?

The Difficulty Index is the proportion or probability that candidates, or students, will answer a test item correctly. Generally, more difficult items have a lower percentage, or P-value.

What is discrimination index and its formula?

The Discrimination Index (D) is computed from equal-sized high and low scoring groups on the test. Subtract the number of successes by the low group on the item from the number of successes by the high group, and divide this difference by the size of a group. The range of this index is +1 to -1.

What does high discrimination index mean?

Discrimination Index – The discrimination index is a basic measure of the validity of an item. It is a measure of an item’s ability to discriminate between those who scored high on the total test and those who scored low.

What is the difference between difficulty index and discrimination index?

Item difficulty is the percentage of learners who answered an item correctly and ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. The closer the difficulty of an item approaches to zero, the more difficult that item is. The discrimination index of an item is the ability to distinguish high and low scoring learners.

How do you interpret discrimination index?

The interpretation of High-Low Discrimination is similar to the interpretation of correlational indices: positive values indicate good discrimination, values near zero indicate that there is little discrimination, and negative discrimination indicates that the item is easier for low-scoring participants.

What is reliability index?

Item reliability is simply the product of the standard deviation of item scores and a correlational discrimination index (Item-Total Correlation Discrimination in the Item Analysis Report). So item reliability reflects how much the item is contributing to total score variance.

What does a negative discrimination index mean?

When an item is discriminating negatively, overall the most knowledgeable examinees are getting the item wrong and the least knowledgeable examinees are getting the item right. A negative discrimination index may indicate that the item is measuring something other than what the rest of the test is measuring.

What is a quantitative item analysis?

Quantitative Item Analysis and Qualitative Item Analysis are measurements used for evaluation the effectiveness of test structures, performance assessments, and essay questions, and they judge the legitimacy of academic structures and comprehension expectations requirements to the methods in which they are being tested …

What is difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis?

Qualitative data analysis is based on classification of objects (participants) according to properties and attributes whereas quantitative analysis is based on classification of data based on computable values. Qualitative analysis is subjective whereas quantitative is objective.

What are the advantages of a quantitative item analysis?

To improve the quality of an exam by identifying items that are too difficult or two easy. Differentiate between the students who do well and who do not do well on the overall test. Other statics such as students performance, teacher performance, evaluation etc.

What is qualitative item analysis?

Qualitative Item Analysis Is a process in which the teacher or expert carefully proofreads the test before it is administered, to check if are typographical errors, to avoid grammatical clues that may lead to giving away the correct answer, and to ensure that the level of reading materials is appropriate. (