How do rocks handle stress?

Rocks have three possible responses to increasing stress (illustrated in Figure below): elastic deformation: the rock returns to its original shape when the stress is removed. plastic deformation: the rock does not return to its original shape when the stress is removed. fracture: the rock breaks.

What causes rocks to deform?

Rocks become deformed when the Earth’s crust is compressed or stretched. The forces needed to do this act over millions of years – deformation is a very slow process!

How do rocks undergo deformations?

Deformation of Ductile Rocks Folds result from compressional stresses or shear stresses acting over considerable time. Because the strain rate is low and/or the temperature is high, rocks that we normally consider brittle can behave in a ductile manner resulting in such folds.

How do Geologists classify faults?

Geologists classify faults by the way the two blocks of rock move to form the fault. They also classify a fault by the direction of its greatest motion.

What are the types of fault diagnosis techniques?

Fault diagnosis methods are broadly classified into three main categories: model-based, hardware-based and history-based….Qualitative methods

(a) Abstraction hierarchy. Abstraction hierarchy is based on decomposition.
(b) Fault trees.
(c) Diagraph.
(d) Fuzzy logic.

How do you calculate a collapsing ratio?

4.5 Single Stuck-at Fault.
011. s-a-1. s-a-1.
Figure 4.10: An example where fault F2 dominates fault F1.
sa0 sa1. sa0 sa1.
(a) A tree circuit. (b) A circuit with reconvergent fanouts. Collapse ratio = 15/32 = 0.47*
sa0. sa0. sa0 sa1.
Fault deleted by equivalence collapsing with fault at other input of gate.
sa0 sa1. sa0 sa1.

What is stuck 0 fault?

Also this fault can be single or multiple stuck at faults. When a signal, or gate output, is stuck at a 0 or 1 value, independent of the inputs to the circuit, the signal is said to be “stuck at” and the fault model used to describe this type error is called a “stuck at fault model”.

What is checkpoint Theorem?

Checkpoint theorem: A test set that detects all single (multiple) stuck-at faults on all checkpoints of a combinational circuit, also detects all single (multiple) stuck-at faults in that circuit.

What is fault collapsing?

Fault collapsing: All single faults of a logic circuit can be divided into disjoint equivalence subsets, where all faults in a subset are mutually equivalent. A collapsed fault set contains one fault from each equivalence subset.