What is isotropic orthotropic and anisotropic materials?

Orthotropic materials are a subset of anisotropic materials; their properties depend on the direction in which they are measured. An isotropic material, in contrast, has the same properties in every direction. It can be proved that a material having two planes of symmetry must have a third one.

What is isotropic and orthotropic?

Isotropic: Isotropic refers to a particular substance having uniform mechanical and thermal properties in every direction. Orthotropic: Orthotropic refers to not having uniform mechanical and thermal properties in every direction.

What is transversely isotropic material?

A transversely isotropic material is one with physical properties that are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy. This transverse plane has infinite planes of symmetry and thus, within this plane, the material properties are the same in all directions.

What is monoclinic material?

The Elastic Solid If a linearly elastic solid has one plane of material symmetry, it is called a monoclinic material. We shall demonstrate that for such a material, there are 13 independent elasticity coefficients.

What is stiffness tensor?

The stiffness tensor c, on the other hand, is a property of the material, and often depends on physical state variables such as temperature, pressure, and microstructure. Due to the inherent symmetries of σ, ε, and c, only 21 elastic coefficients of the latter are independent.

How many independent elastic constants are there for an isotropic material?

For a transversely isotropic material there are 5 independent elastic constants. Plane 2-3 is transversely isotropic for the lamina shown in Figure 3.7. For an isotropic material there are only 2 independent elastic constants.

What is an isotropic material?

Isotropic materials have properties which are independent of the direction of examination, x-, y- or z-direction.

What are the four elastic constants?

Elastic Constants

Young’s modulus.
Bulk modulus.
Rigidity modulus.
Poisson’s ratio.

What are the different types of elastic constants?

The three types of elastic constants are:

Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus (E),
Bulk modulus (K) and.
Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus (M, C or G).

What are the three elastic constants?

There are three elastic constants;

Normal stress/ Normal strain. = Young’smodulus or Modulus of elasticity (E)
Shear stress/ Shear strain. = Shear modulus or Modulus of Rigidity (G)
Direct stress/ Volumetricstrain. = Bulk modulus (K)

How many types of modulus are there?

three types

Why are some materials elastic?

Solid objects will deform when adequate loads are applied to them; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size after removal. For rubbers and other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer chains when forces are applied.

Which elastic constants is used in flexural formula?

Ideally, flexural or bending modulus of elasticity is equivalent to the tensile modulus (Young’s modulus) or compressive modulus of elasticity.

What is C in flexure formula?

The bending stress (σ) is defined by Eq. (1.4). M is the bending moment, which is calculated by multiplying a force by the distance between that point of interest and the force. c is the distance from NA (Figure 1.5) and I is the moment of inertia.

What is elastic constant formula?

Elastic constant formula E=\frac{9KG}{G+3K} Where, K is the Bulk modulus. G is shear modulus or modulus of rigidity. E is Young’s modulus or modulus of Elasticity.

What is Y in flexure formula?

This equation gives the bending normal stress, and is also commonly called the flexure formula. The y term is the distance from the neutral axis (up is positive). The I term is the moment of inertia about the neutral axis.

What is meant by flexure?

A curve, turn, or fold, such as a bend in a tubular organ: a flexure of the colon. 2. The act or an instance of bending or flexing; flexion. flex′ur·al adj.

What is flexure theory?

[′flek·shər ‚thē·ə·rē] (mechanics) Theory of the deformation of a prismatic beam having a length at least 10 times its depth and consisting of a material obeying Hooke’s law, in response to stresses within the elastic limit.

Is simple bending and pure bending same?

Pure Bending: Bending will be called as simple bending when it occurs because of beam self-load and external load. This type of bending is also known as ordinary bending and in this type of bending results both shear stress and normal stress in the beam. As shown below in the figure.

What is direct and bending stress?

Introduction Whenever a body is subjected to an axial tension or compression, a direct stress comes into play at every section of body. We also know that whenever a body is subjected to a bending moment a bending moment a bending stress comes into play .

What is direct stress?

(a) Direct (Normal) Stress. A force which acts normal to a surface causes stress which also acts normal to. that surface. Provided that the force passes through the centroid of the surface, then the stress will be uniform over the whole surface.