How do you calculate the frequency of an oscillator ring?
1 ftest = _____________ n × 2T × 2m Page 4 4 where ftest is test frequency, T is the average gate-delay time, n and m are the number of stages in the ring oscillator and the number of frequency dividers respectively. For example, if n = 100, m = 5, T = 4 picoseconds, then ftest = 39.1MHz.
What is the frequency of oscillation of a ring oscillator?
From these values, the time period of the three-stage ring oscillator is 1.52ns. By this time period, we can say that this oscillator can produce signals with a frequency of 657.8MHz range.
What is the oscillation frequency of 9 stage ring oscillator?
Previously, the researchers were unable to reduce the phase noise in ring oscillators substantially with nine stages. We have successfully reduced the phase noise to -6.4kdBc/Hz at 2GHz center frequency of oscillation.
How the frequency of oscillation affected by the increase in temperature of a ring oscillator?
For a ring oscillator, the oscillation frequency ( f osc ) is used to measure the ambient temperature. Note that f osc decreases as the temperature rises, as shown in Fig. 2. Thus the condition f osc < F oscL indicates a high temperature and thus requires a lower supply volt- age (V DDL ) and clock frequency (F clkL ).
How does the ring oscillator PUF work?
The working of ring oscillator PUF: The ring oscillator is a device which gives output on providing some inputs. RO PUF is combined in an FBGA i.e. field-programmable gate array to get the response in the PUF by selecting some unique pairs of RO I.e. ring oscillator.
What are ring oscillator used for?
Ring Oscillator consists of odd number of inverters connected in series to form a closed loop with positive feedback. It is often used to measure the speed of a process. This project deals with designing a 71-stage ring oscillator with fanout of one at each stage.
How does a voltage controlled oscillator work?
A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous oscillation frequency. A VCO is also an integral part of a phase-locked loop.
How do you solve propagation delay?
It can be computed as the ratio between the link length and the propagation speed over the specific medium. Propagation delay is equal to d / s where d is the distance and s is the wave propagation speed. In wireless communication, s=c, i.e. the speed of light. In copper wire, the speed s generally ranges from .
Which type of network has shortest propagation delay?
Which of the following logic families has the shortest propagation delay? Explanation: AS-TTL (Advanced Schottky) has a maximum clock frequency that is 105 MHz. So, the propagation delay will be given by 1/105 sec which is the lowest one. It is followed by S-TTL and HCMOS in terms of increasing propagation delay.
How do you calculate propagation time?
The propagation delay of a physical link can be calculated by dividing the distance (the length of the medium) in meter by its propagation speed in m/s.
How is RTT calculated?
The following diagram illustrates how the round trip time is calculated: This diagram shows how RTT is calculated. Server RTT: RTTs1 = t2 – t1.
What is the speed of signal?
The signal velocity is the speed at which a wave carries information. It describes how quickly a message can be communicated (using any particular method) between two separated parties. No signal velocity can exceed the speed of a light pulse in a vacuum (by Special Relativity).
What is propagation mode?
propagation mode: The manner in which radio signals travel from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna, such as ground wave, sky wave, direct wave, ground reflection, or scatter. (
What are the factors that affect the propagation of radio waves?
As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering.
What are the three important radio propagation phenomena at high frequencies?
Reflection, refraction and diffraction may occur. The resultant radio signal may also be a combination of several signals that have travelled by different paths.
Does cold weather affect radio signals?
In conclusion, both temperature and humidity have an effect on the transmission of radio waves. Conclusion 1: The temperature is inversely proportional to the strength of radio waves, Conclusion 2: The relative humidity in the air is inversely proportional to the strength of radio waves.
Does rain affect radio signals?
With increase in rain rate, attenuation in radio link communication is increased, which shows adverse effect at microwave and millimetric frequencies, since EM waves are most effected by scattering [6, 8, 9] and absorption phenomena.