Which of the following is true regarding ocean salinity at 30 degrees north and south of the equator?
Cl- represents 55% of the dissolved component in seawater. How is this number expressed in grams? Which of the following is true regarding ocean salinity at 30 degrees North and South of the Equator? Dry masses promote ocean water evaporation and high salinity.
Can you explain why atolls extend from the surface of the ocean down to great depths into the sea corals which make up these ring shaped structures can only live where water is warmed and illuminated by sunlight no more than approximately 45 meters?
Can you explain why atolls extend from the surface of the ocean down to great depths into the sea? The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.
Is the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the topography of the ocean floor Group of answer choices?
What is bathymetry? Bathymetry is the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of shape, or topography, of the ocean floor. Determining bathymetry involves measuring the vertical distance from the ocean surface down to the mountains, valleys, and plains of the seafloor.
Which of the following processes can increase the salinity of ocean water?
Evaporation
Where is ocean floor at the greatest water depth?
Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor. The greatest ocean depth measured is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 11,034 m (36,201 ft) below sea level. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km2/yr.
Where are deep-sea trenches located?
Deep-sea trenches generally lie seaward of and parallel to adjacent island arcs or mountain ranges of the continental margins. They are closely associated with and found in subduction zones—that is, locations where a lithospheric plate bearing oceanic crust slides down into the upper mantle under the force of gravity.
What type of deposits do turbidity currents leave in deep-sea fans?
Turbidity flows are essentially underwater landslides or density-driven currents. Sediments laden with sediment are heavier than clear seawater. A deep-sea fan is a fan- or delta-shaped sedimentary deposit found along the base of the continental slopes, commonly at the mouth of submarine canyons.
What kind of density current is caused by sinking muddy water?
A turbidity current is a rapid, downhill flow of water caused by increased density due to high amounts of sediment.
What can trigger a turbidity current?
Turbidity currents are often triggered by tectonic disturbances of the sea floor. The displacement of continental crust in the form of fluidization and physical shaking both contribute to their formation.
How do turbidity currents affect canyons quizlet?
How do turbidity currents affect canyons? Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.
What does the hypsographic curve show quizlet?
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters. The hypsographic curve shows the amount of water in the oceans. The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons.
Which zone are turbidity currents found?
Submarine turbidity current is commonly found in China seas, and it is mainly distributed in Okinawa trough of the East China Sea, continental slope, deep sea basin of the South China Sea, and other waters.
What kind of rock would form from the action of turbidity currents?
Sedimentary rocks that are thought to have originated from ancient turbidity currents are called turbidites.
How fast is a turbidity current?
The currents can reach velocities of up to 20 meters per second and travel hundreds of kilometers, which means they can also damage or destroy underwater pipelines, cables, and other equipment. Exactly how turbidity currents achieve such high speeds has long been a topic of debate.
Which mineral would indicate a lower grade of metamorphism?
At low grades of metamorphism calcareous rocks are recognized by their abundance of carbonate minerals like calcite and dolomite. With increasing grade of metamorphism these are replaced by minerals like brucite, phlogopite (Mg-rich biotite), chlorite, and tremolite.
Where are deep sea fans found?
The world’s largest submarine fan is located in the Bay of Bengal, northern Indian Ocean, which is supplied with sediment by the Ganges-Brahmaputra River system. Submarine fans (in red) overlie the continental rise (in yellow) and are formed by thick sediment deposits adjacent to passive continental margins.
Where are submarine fans located?
Submarine fan, accumulation of land-derived sediment on the deep seafloor; in configuration, a fan is like the section of a very low cone, with its apex at the lower mouth of a submarine canyon incised into a continental slope.
How are deep sea fans formed?
Abyssal (or submarine) fans are formed from turbidity currents. These currents begin when a geologic activity pushes sediments over the edge of a continental shelf and down the continental slope, creating an underwater landslide.
Why are Submarine Fans important?
The term “submarine fans” refers loosely to deposits of variable shapes and sizes in deep-marine environments worldwide (Fig. 17). The principal elements of submarine fans are canyons, channels, and lobes. Submarine fans constitute important sites of sediment accumulation in the world’s oceans (Shanmugam, 2016a).
What is the most likely cause of a submarine canyon?
Submarine canyons are formed via erosion and mass wasting events, particularly on steep continental slopes but also on the flanks of volcanic islands. Canyons serve as conduits for terrigenous (land-derived) sediment derived from the continents to the deep ocean basins (Shepard, 1963).
What current feeds submarine fans?
Note that although coarse-grained deltas are sometimes referred to as fan deltas and are largely submarine, the term submarine fan is restricted to fan-shaped bodies that are deposited by mass-flow, mainly turbidity current, processes.
What are submarine channels?
Submarine channels are the principal conduits for the transport of sediments from shallow-marine/shelf to the deep-marine (or deep lacustrine) environments. Whatever the limitations of this method, it produced a sensible classification of high, moderate and low-sinuosity submarine channels.
What are channels and levees?
Abyssal channels (also, deep-sea channels, underwater channels) are channels in Earth’s sea floor. Submarine channels and their flanking levees are commonly referred to as channel levee systems. They are significant geomorphological features that may run for thousands of kilometres across the ocean floor.
What kind of sediment would you expect in a submarine canyon?
Submarine canyons act as conduits to bring sand-sized sediments from the continental margins to the deep sea. During lowstands of sea level, rivers empty directly into the heads of many Atlantic canyons.
When sediment moves down a submarine canyon it is deposited in a?
Fan sediment includes the deposits of sediment gravity flows and other submarine mass movements. Perhaps the most widely recognized sediment-gravity-flow deposit is called a turbidite – thus, fans are also referred to as turbidite systems (Bouma et al. 1985).
Where does seafloor spreading occur?
Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from the mantle’s convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor.
Is a deep underwater canyon?
Deep-sea canyons are steep-sided valleys cut into the seafloor of the continental slope, sometimes extending well onto the continental shelf. Choose from the sections below to further explore ocean exploration education resources on deep-sea canyons.
What is a canyon on the ocean floor called?
A canyon on the ocean floor at which the crust bends downward is called a. deep-ocean trench. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called. sea-floor spreading.
What is a steep-sided canyon called?
Canyons within mountains, or gorges that have an opening on only one side, are called box canyons. Steep-sided valleys in the seabed of the continental slope are referred to as submarine canyons.