What is polarization in electrochemical cells?
Polarization is a deviation of the electrochemical process from equilibrium due to an electric current passing through the galvanic cell. Polarization may occur either at the cathode (cathodic polarization) or at the anode (anodic polarization). Cathodic polarization is common.
Which of these factors is the cause for activation polarization in a hydrogen PEM fuel cell?
Polarization is caused by chemical and physical factors associated with various elements in the fuel cell, such as temperature, pressure, gas composition, and fuel properties and reactant utilization. These factors limit the reaction processes when the current flows through.
What is the difference between activation polarization and concentration polarization?
Activation polarization refers to the condition wherein the reaction rate is determined by the slowest step. The second type, concentration polarization, occurs when the reaction rate is limited by diffusion in the solution (in conventional batteries the electrolyte is a solution).
What causes polarization in an electrochemical cell?
chlorine. oxygen.
How can activation polarization be reduced?
The purpose of increasing temperature is to decrease activation polarization. Conductors have an intrinsic resistance to charge flow, which results in a loss in cell voltage. This phenomenon is called “ohmic polarization,” and it occurs because of the electrical resistance in the cell components.
What is the polarization effect?
Attitude polarization, also known as belief polarization and polarization effect, is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. The effect is observed with issues that activate emotions, such as political ‘hot-button’ issues.
What is polarization in simple terms?
Polarization, property of certain electromagnetic radiations in which the direction and magnitude of the vibrating electric field are related in a specified way. polarizing filter. A polarizing filter has its molecules all aligned in the same direction.
What is polarization theory?
Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations. In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave. In linear polarization, the fields oscillate in a single direction.
What are the dangers of group polarization?
In addition, group polarization can lead to groupthink, which is when bad decisions are made by a group because some of its members don’t want to express opinions or suggest new ideas that some in the group may disagree with.
How does group polarization occur in everyday life?
The chaos caused by an angry mob is a clear example of group polarization. Being part of a group can push people into exhibiting violent behavior. Other real-life group polarization examples include mob mentality, acts of terrorism, peer pressure and collective decisions made by a jury.
How does group polarization affect decision making?
Group decisions can also be influenced by group polarization—when the attitudes held by the individual group members become more extreme than they were before the group began discussing the topic. Understanding group processes can help us better understand the factors that lead juries to make better or worse decisions.
Does group polarization depend on size?
The findings suggest that group size has a significant effect on group polarization.
How do you stop Group polarization?
Ways to Overcome Polarization When making group decisions, take a silent ballot before any conversation has occurred. Ask people to do some writing and reflecting about their values before group discussions.
Who proposed group polarization?
Developments in the study of group polarization The study of group polarization began with an unpublished 1961 Master’s thesis by MIT student James Stoner, who observed the so-called “risky shift”, meaning that a group’s decisions are riskier than the average of the individual decisions of members before the group met.
What are two possible causes of group polarization?
Psychologists have three main theories for why group polarization occurs — persuasion, comparison and differentiation — but all of them have much the same cause. In any group trying to make a decision there is likely to be an initial preference in one particular direction.
What do you mean by group polarization?
Also known as the group polarisation effect, this refers to the tendency among groups to assume positions that are far more extreme than the initial positions of the individual members of the group following a group discussion.
What is the difference between groupthink and group polarization?
While groupthink results in decisions made based on the desire of not upsetting a group of people, group polarization results in an extremely conservative decisions where the group members are cautious and risky decisions where the group members are risk-averse.
What is an example of a groupthink?
Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when the desire for group consensus overrides people’s common sense desire to present alternatives, critique a position, or express an unpopular opinion. Two well-known examples of Groupthink in action are the Challenger Space Shuttle disaster and the Bay of Pigs invasion.
What are group polarization and groupthink and how much power do we have as individuals?
– Group polarization = group discussions with like-minded others strengthen members’ prevailing beliefs and attitudes. – Groupthink = driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives. The power of the individual and the power of the situation interact.