What are the ethical questions raised by cloning?
Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe, and that it could be prone to abuse, either in the form of clones raised as slaves, or leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested.
What are the steps needed in order to clone the DNA?
In standard molecular cloning experiments, the cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves seven steps: (1) Choice of host organism and cloning vector, (2) Preparation of vector DNA, (3) Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism, (6) …
What is the application of DNA sequencing?
Homologous DNA sequences from different organisms can be compared for evolutionary analysis between species or populations. Notably, DNA sequencing can reveal changes in a gene that may cause a disease. DNA sequencing has been used in medicine including diagnosis and treatment of diseases and epidemiology studies.
What are the basic terms used in sequencing?
Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule….Methods for performing protein sequencing include:
- Edman degradation.
- Peptide mass fingerprinting.
- Mass spectrometry.
- Protease digests.
What is the base sequence of the DNA sense strand?
In genetics, a sense strand, or coding strand, is the segment within double-stranded DNA that carries the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction, and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which does not carry the translatable code in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
What is the function of polymerase chain reaction in genetic engineering?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete copies or partial copies) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail.
What enzyme is used to make cDNA from RNA?
enzyme reverse transcriptase
How does ligase help the lagging strand?
During lagging strand synthesis, DNA ligase I connects the Okazaki fragments, following replacement of the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase δ. Then, DNA ligase I binds to the PCNA, which is clamped to the nicks of the lagging strand, and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds.
What is restriction endonuclease what is its significance in genetic engineering?
A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and they are a vital tool in molecular cloning.
What are types of endonucleases?
Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) are divided into three categories, Type I, Type II, and Type III, according to their mechanism of action. These enzymes are often used in genetic engineering to make recombinant DNA for introduction into bacterial, plant, or animal cells, as well as in synthetic biology.