Does race affect income?
In the United States, despite the efforts of equality proponents, income inequality persists among races and ethnicities. Asian Americans have the highest median income, followed by White Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Native Americans.
How does socioeconomic status gender race and ethnicity affect health?
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences are greater in some dimensions of health and from some causes than others. For example, black men have higher death rates from heart disease than white men, but they do not differ in the prevalence of reported heart disease (Hayward et al., 2000).
How does ethnicity impact health?
Ethnic differences in health may vary between generations. For example, in some BME groups, rates of ill-health are worse among those born in the UK than in first generation migrants. Men born in South Asia are 50% more likely to have a heart attack or angina than men in the general population.
Does race matter in medicine?
Since medical judgment often involves decision making under uncertain conditions, many doctors consider it useful to take race into account when treating disease because diseases and treatment responses tend to cluster by geographic ancestry.
Does ethnicity matter in medicine?
Background. The role of patient race in medical decision-making is heavily debated. While some evidence suggests that patient race can be used by physicians to predict disease risk and determine drug therapy, other studies document bias and stereotyping by physicians based on patient race.
Does medicine affect races differently?
Through this study, we know that different races and ethnicities can have varying responses to medications. While some of this is attributable to known genes, the cause of some race- or ethnicity-specific reactions is still unknown.
Why do medical forms ask for ethnicity?
A: Information about your race and ethnicity helps us make sure we provide the highest quality of care for all patients. Studies show that our racial and ethnic backgrounds may place us at different risks for certain diseases.
What is race correction in medicine?
Race adjustment, also known as race-correction, is the calculating of a result which takes into account race. It is commonly used in medical algorithms in several specialties, including cardiology, nephrology, urology, obstetrics, endocrinology, oncology and respiratory medicine.
What is the study of how genetic variations can affect people’s responses to drugs?
Differences in genetic (inherited) makeup among individuals affect what the body does to a drug and what the drug does to the body. The study of genetic differences in the response to drugs is called pharmacogenetics.
What is an example of pharmacogenomics?
Here are some examples of pharmacogenomic testing in cancer care: Colorectal cancer. Irinotecan (Camptosar) is a type of chemotherapy. Doctors commonly use it to treat colon cancer.
Should genetics be considered before giving a person a drug?
While an individual’s genetic makeup is important in determining the best treatment for many drugs, it does not explain how all drugs are broken down. There are still medications for which there are no drug-gene tests; the tests only involve some of the many genes in the body.
Which factor is the most important for effective distribution of a drug?
There are many factors that affect a drug’s distribution throughout an organism, but Pascuzzo considers that the most important ones are the following: an organism’s physical volume, the removal rate and the degree to which a drug binds with plasma proteins and / or tissues.
What factors will affect distribution of a drug?
Drug distribution is affected by many factors, including plasma or tissue protein binding, body weight, body composition, and body fluid spaces (8). Of these, total body weight, muscle mass, and fat composition are the major determinants of drug distribution, and women may differ from men in both of these factors.
What way does tissue storage affects the action of drug?
Accumulation of drugs in tissues or body compartments can prolong drug action because the tissues release the accumulated drug as plasma drug concentration decreases.
How are drugs distributed?
After a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream (see Drug Absorption), it rapidly circulates through the body. The average circulation time of blood is 1 minute. As the blood recirculates, the drug moves from the bloodstream into the body’s tissues. Once absorbed, most drugs do not spread evenly throughout the body.
How is aspirin distributed in the body?
This drug is distributed to body tissues shortly after administration. It is known to cross the placenta. The plasma contains high levels of salicylate, as well as tissues such as spinal, peritoneal and synovial fluids, saliva and milk.
Which drug has the highest volume of distribution?
Some drugs (e.g. tolbutamide, phenytoin, gentamicin, warfarin) are known to have small volumes of distribution (0.1–1 L/kg) while others (e.g. meperidine, propranolol, digoxin) are known to have large volumes of distribution (1–10 L/kg).
What are fake or counterfeit drugs?
Counterfeit, or fake, medicines are manufactured using incorrect or harmful ingredients. These medicines are then packaged and labeled to look like the real thing. Counterfeit medicines are unsafe because they may not work and could harm you.
What is the most counterfeited drug?
Viagra: The World’s Most Counterfeited Drug.
What percentage of drugs are counterfeit?
It was found that only 11 samples or 0.046% were spurious.” In 2017 a similar survey found 3.16% of the medicines sampled were substandard and 0.0245% were fake. Those more commonly prescribed are probably more often faked.
What is the meaning of fake drug?
A Fake drug is a drug product which is not what it purports to be. It is any drug product which is formulated or made to appear to be better than it really is. The term can also refer to a drug which is deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled with respect to identity and/or source or with fake packaging.
Does counterfeit mean fake?
Counterfeit products are fakes or unauthorized replicas of the real product. Counterfeit products are often produced with the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product.
What can fake drugs do?
Falsified and substandard drugs may contain toxic doses of dangerous ingredients and cause mass poisoning. Poor-quality medicines compromise the treatment of chronic and infectious diseases, causing disease progression, drug resistance, and death.
How can we avoid counterfeit drugs?
To avoid purchasing counterfeit medications, follow these tips.
- Use caution when shopping online for medicines. Approved online pharmacies should display the “VIPPS” seal, shown here.
- Avoid purchasing drugs outside the U.S. border.
- Pay attention to pill appearance and packaging.
- Report suspicious medications.
Why Counterfeit drugs are a major public health concern?
Counterfeit Drugs: A Public Health Concern Counterfeiting drugs is not only illegal, but it is also a major public health concern. Counterfeit drugs often contain the correct ingredients in incorrect quantities; however, they may also contain either a wrong API—which may even be toxic—or no active substance at all.
How do I report a counterfeit drug?
FDA asks health care professionals to report a suspect counterfeit drug to FDA’s MedWatch office. Contact FDA’s Office of Criminal Investigations if you are aware of suspicious activity that may be associated with counterfeit prescription drugs.
Why would a pill fall apart?
The bathroom medicine chest is probably the worst possible place to keep drugs. If a tablet changes color or begins to crumble, that’s a sign that time, temperature or humidity are taking their toll. Some medications give off a telltale odor when they begin to break down. Aspirin, for example, smells like vinegar.