How can we increase the efficiency of Otto cycle?

How can we increase the efficiency of Otto cycle?

1. Run the engine fuel-lean, that is, use excess air. It is well known that fuel-lean running improves the efficiency.
2. Higher compression ratio.
3. We need new cycles put into practical use.
4. Run the engine at optimum conditions, meaning low friction (modest engine speed) and low pumping work (air throttle more open).

What is clearance volume?

(b) The “Clearance volume” of the engine is the volume between the cylinder head and the piston when the piston is at tdc. The ratio of this volume to the swept volume determines the compression ratio of the engine.

What is the formula of clearance volume?

Clearance volume = 0.000cc [(bore ÷ 2)2 x 3.1416 x deck height x 16.387] Gasket volume = 9.9854cc [from manufacturer but formula is (bore ÷ 2)2 x 3.1416 x gasket thickness x 16.387] Chamber volume = 118cc [Value from manufacturer but could be determined and/or confirmed through measurement]

Why is the clearance volume important?

Clearance volume or bumping clearance is the space between the top of the piston and the cylinder head of an air compressor. This clearance is an important aspect of the compressors and should be as less as practically possible to improve the volumetric efficiency of the compressor.

What is clearance volume and how can it affect compressor efficiency?

What is clearance volume and how can it affect compressor efficiency? The area in the cylinder remaining above a piston when it has reached its highest point of upward movement. You just studied 33 terms!

What does clearance mean?

1 : an act or process of clearing: such as. a : the removal of buildings from an area (such as a city slum) b : the act of clearing a ship at the customhouse also : the papers showing that a ship has cleared. c : the offsetting of checks and other claims among banks through a clearinghouse.

Does clearance mean used?

According to the American Marketing Association, a clearance is “an end-of-season sale to make room for more goods.” It has also been defined as “pushing the sale of slow-moving, shop-worn, and demonstration model goods.” While retailers can offer sales for temporary time periods, items in a clearance do not return to …

Why do items go on clearance?

A clearance is a special type of sale that might attract more customers than traditional sales. This is due to the store trying to get rid of certain items for one reason or another. The store might be going out of business, the items are going out of season, or there is not enough room in the store for new items.

What is mean clearance formula?

Clearance is defined as the proportionality constant between the rate of drug elimination and the drug concentration:Rate of drug elimination=CL×Cp.

How is minimum clearance calculated?

Maximum and minimum clearance The maximum clearance of a fit is the difference between the upper bound of the orifice diameter and the lower bound of the shaft diameter. The minimum clearance meanwhile is the difference between the lower bound of the orifice diameter and the upper bound of the shaft diameter.

What is clearance time?

clear·ance time (klēr’ăns tīm) Temporal duration from ingestion until food is cleared from the oral cavity; influenced by consistency and quantity of saliva; by action of tongue, lips, and cheeks; and by consistency of food.

What is correct clearance?

In pharmacology, clearance is a pharmacokinetic measurement of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed per unit time. Thus, total body clearance is equal to the sum clearance of the substance by each organ (e.g., renal clearance + hepatic clearance + lung clearance = total body clearance).

What’s another word for clearance?

other words for clearance

• approval.
• authorization.
• consent.
• go-ahead.
• green light.
• endorsement.
• leave.
• say-so.

What is mean clearance in drawing?

The gap or lack of it between the hole and shaft is called the clearance. Clearance is determined by the size difference between the parts. Fits and tolerances are used to specify the size range of parts.

How is clearance rate calculated?

A clearance rate is calculated by dividing the number of crimes cleared by the number of crimes reported; the result is multiplied by 100. For example, in 2010 there were 1,154 homicides cleared and 1,809 homicides reported. This equals a homicide clearance rate of 63.8 percent.

What is the relationship between drug clearance and creatinine clearance?

Creatinine clearance (CLcr) can be used as an overall estimate of renal function. The relationship between creatinine clearance and overall drug elimination can be used to predict an optimum dose for a patient.

How does clearance affect half life?

The formula for half-life is (t½ = 0.693 × Vd /CL) Volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL) are required to calculate this variable. Half life is increased by an increase in the volume of distribution and increased by a decrease in the rate of clearance. In some disease states (eg.

What affects clearance?

The individual factors that can influence clearance are the intrinsic functions of liver or kidneys. Therefore, variation of clearance can be anticipated when there is a major impairment of these organs. Blood flow to the organs of elimination can also affect clearance.

What is the difference between elimination and clearance?

Clearance is defined as ‘the volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time’. Drug elimination rate is defined as ‘the amount of drug cleared from the blood per unit time’ In first order kinetics, elimination rate is proportional to dose, while clearance rate remains independent of the dose.

What is systemic clearance?

Systemic clearance describes the efficiency with which drugs are permanently eliminated from the body. Both drug input rate (dosage rate) and systemic clearance determine the average steady state plasma concentrations of a drug (equation 1).

Which compounds are excreted through the lungs?

7. Which compounds are excreted through the lungs? Explanation: Gaseous substances and volatile substances find their excretion way through the lungs into the expired air. These substances easily get absorbed through the tissue of the lungs by simple diffusion.

What is excreted faster in basic urine?

Most drugs are either weak acids or weak bases. In alkaline urine, acidic drugs are more readily ionised. In acidic urine, alkaline drugs are more readily ionised. Ionised substances (also refered to as polar) are more soluble in water so dissolve in the body fluids more readily for excretion.

Are all drugs renally excreted?

Renal excretion is the most common route of drug elimination. However, many drugs are excreted into bile via the liver and some volatile substances (primarily gaseous anesthetics) can be excreted via the lungs.

How are lipophilic drugs excreted?

Lipophilic drug molecules are not directly excreted from the kidney. Only after they are metabolized into more hydrophilic molecules, can they be excreted through the kidneys into the urine. Drugs and their metabolites are also excreted into bile. This is usually mediated by protein transporters.

Why do I metabolize drugs so slow?

Because of their genetic makeup, some people process (metabolize) drugs slowly. As a result, a drug may accumulate in the body, causing toxicity. Other people metabolize drugs so quickly that after they take a usual dose, drug levels in the blood never become high enough for the drug to be effective.

How do you know if a drug is lipophilic?

Lipophilicity can be measured by the distribution of a drug between the organic phase, which is generally n-octanol pre-saturated with water, and the aqueous phase, which is generally water pre-saturated with n-octanol.

Why are lipid-soluble drugs more easily absorbed?

Because the cell membrane is lipoid, lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly. Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes more rapidly than larger ones. Most drugs are weak organic acids or bases, existing in un-ionized and ionized forms in an aqueous environment.