How do herbivores protect themselves from predators?
The first line of defense in plants is an intact and impenetrable barrier composed of bark and a waxy cuticle. Both protect plants against herbivores. Other adaptations against herbivores include hard shells, thorns (modified branches), and spines (modified leaves).
How plants chemically defend themselves from herbivores and how herbivores adapt to these plant Defences?
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and terpenoids, are released from plant flowers, vegetative parts or roots to attract pollinators and predators, repel herbivores, and communicate between or within plants [56, 57].
What characteristics to plant leaves and stems have to protect themselves against parasites?
Structural traits such as spines and thorns (spinescence), trichomes (pubescence), toughened or hardened leaves (sclerophylly), incorporation of granular minerals into plant tissues, and divaricated branching (shoots with wiry stems produced at wide axillary angles) play a leading role in plant protection against …
What are the 1st and 2nd line of Defence of plant against pathogens?
The first line of defense against infection are the surface barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. The second line of defense are the non-specific phagocytes and other internal mechanisms that comprise innate immunity.
How does a plant or animal respond to infection?
Individual plant cells express receptors that recognise pathogen molecules and then trigger defence responses, which can include cell wall thickening, production of anti-microbial compounds and host cell death.
How do plant bacteria affect humans?
Human infection from plants is very rare, but it does happen. The primary pathogen of concern is a bacteria known as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which causes a type of soft rot in plants. P. aeruginosa infections in humans can invade nearly any tissue in the human body, provided they are already weakened.
What are infectious animal diseases?
Disease Transmitted from Animals to Humans. A zoonosis (zoonotic disease or zoonoses -plural) is an infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans (or from humans to animals).
How Inflammation helps the immune system?
Inflammation is a vital part of the immune system’s response to injury and infection. It is the body’s way of signaling the immune system to heal and repair damaged tissue, as well as defend itself against foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria.
What are three signs of the inflammatory response?
What are the signs of inflammation? The four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness (Latin rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor).
Why is inflammation in the body bad?
When it’s good, it fights off foreign invaders, heals injuries and mops up debris. But when it’s bad, inflammation ignites a long list of disorders: arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, blindness, cancer, diabetes and, quite possibly, autism and mental illness.