How do you calculate target strength?
Target strength (TS) is defined by equation 30 as 10 times the logarithm of the reflected intensity (IR) at one metre from the fish, divided by the intensity which strikes the fish, i.e. the incident intensity (I1), i.e. 10 log IR/I1.
What is the formula of target mean strength?
fcm = fck + 1.65đť›” Therefore for designing concrete mix of a specified characteristic compressive strength, the design strength or the target strength is calculated by the above formula.
What is K in target mean strength?
K = a statistical constant, depending on the definition of fck and is derived from the mathematics of Normal Distribution. s = standard deviation. The value of K is equal to 1.65 where not more than 5% of test results are expected to fall below the characteristic strength. =>ft = fck + 1.65 s.
What are characteristic loads?
Explanation: Characteristic load is the load which will not be exceeded by certain assumed or pre-assumed probability during life of structure. These loads are anticipated loads due to self weight, imposed load, snow, wind load, etc.
What are the three types of loads?
The types of loads that act on building structures and other structures can be broadly classified as vertical, horizontal, and longitudinal loads.
Which is the type of limit state of strength?
There are two main limit states: (i) limit state of collapse and (ii) limit state of serviceability (see Fig. 2.3. 1). (i) Limit state of collapse deals with the strength and stability of structures subjected to the maximum design loads out of the possible combinations of several types of loads.
What are special loads?
“Special load” is the collective term for those items of cargo which, due to there nature or value will require special treatment by all personnel during the stages of acceptance, storage, stowage and transportation.
Is snow a dead load or live load?
Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of a building or structure and do not include construction loads, environmental loads (such as wind loads, snow loads, rain loads, earthquake loads and flood loads) or dead loads (see the definition of “Live Load” in IBC 202).
What are examples of live loads?
Typical live loads may include; people, the action of wind on an elevation, furniture, vehicles, the weight of the books in a library and so on. A live load can be expressed either as a uniformly distributed load (UDL) or as one acting on a concentrated area (point load).
What is the difference between live and dead loads?
The dead loads are permanent loads which result from the weight of the structure itself or from other permanent attachments, for example, drywall, roof sheathing and weight of the truss. Live loads are temporary loads; they are applied to the structure on and off over the life of the structure.
How many PSF is a human?
Moreover, people themselves vary a lot in weight so just assume an average human weight of 150 lbs. A 300 pound refrigerator which is 33″ x 36″ = 36 pounds per square foot.