How do you calculate volume of a reactor?

How do you calculate volume of a reactor?

By definition, space velocity can be expressed mathematically as SV = Vo / V. In this expression, Vo represents the volumetric flow rate of the reactants entering the reactor and V represents the volume of the reactor itself.

How do you calculate conversion in reactor?

The basis of calculation is most always the limiting reactant. The conversion of species A in a reaction is equal to the number of moles of A reacted per mole of A fed. For irreversible reactions, the maximum value of conversion, X, is that for complete conversion, i.e. X = 1.0.

How does reactor volume affect conversion?

Conversion decreases with increase of reactant flow rate due to decrease of residence time. The stirrer rate has a positive effect on the conversion and rate constant. Within the range of reactor volume selected for analysis, conversion increases with increase in reactor volume.

What is meant by plug flow?

In fluid mechanics, plug flow is a simple model of the velocity profile of a fluid flowing in a pipe. In plug flow, the velocity of the fluid is assumed to be constant across any cross-section of the pipe perpendicular to the axis of the pipe.

How do you get plug flow?

Theoretically plug flow could be achieved by two methods: a) using a number of CSTRs in series, or b) operating high net flow Reynolds numbers in a tubular reactor. Achieving the ideal plug flow requires an infinite number of CSTRs, which is impossible.

Where is CSTR used?

Continuous stirred-tank reactors are most commonly used in industrial processing, primarily in homogeneous liquid-phase flow reactions, where constant agitation is required. They may be used by themselves, in series, or in a battery. CSTRs are also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a loop reactor.

What is CSTR and PFR?

• Plug flow reactor (PFR) • Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) or Mixed Flow Reactor (MFR) In any reactor, for a small volume, the following holds true. (Rate of ) In + generation = Out + accumulation. Consider a PFR: It is a tubular reactor, typically long with a small cross sectional area.

What does CSTR stand for?

continuous stirred tank reactor

How does PFR work?

Fluid going through a plug flow reactor is modeled as flowing through the reactor as a series of infinitely thin coherent “plugs”, each having a uniform composition. As the plug flows down the PFR, the residence time of the plug element is derived from its position in the reactor.

What is Backmixing?

[′bak ‚mik·siŋ] (chemical engineering) The tendency of reacted chemicals to intermingle with unreacted feed in reactors, such as stirred tanks, packed towers, and baffled tanks.

What is MFR reactor?

The continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), also known as vat- or backmix reactor, mixed flow reactor (MFR), or a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR), is a common model for a chemical reactor in chemical engineering and environmental engineering.

How many types of reactors are there?

Six types of reactor (Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK) have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. A further reactor type, the so-called fast reactor, has been developed to full-scale demonstration stage.

What is ideal reactor?

A reactor is an apparatus or a structure in which chemical, biological, and physi- cal processes (reactions) proceed intentionally, purposefully, and in a controlled manner. Ideal reactors are a theoretical proxy or concept which is analyzed instead of the real-world system to be simulated.

What is a reactor?

1 : one that reacts. 2 : a device (such as a coil, winding, or conductor of small resistance) used to introduce reactance into an alternating-current circuit. 3a : a vat for an industrial chemical reaction. b : a device for the controlled release of nuclear energy (as for producing heat)

What is the most common type of reactor?

Pressurised water reactor

Is the arc reactor real?

The ARC reactor is based almost entirely on existing, proven technology, and MIT says that devices of a similar complexity and size have been built within about five years. It would cost, says MIT, “a fraction” of what it will take to build ITER.

What is purpose of reactor?

A reactor is a coil which has large number of turns and whose ohmic resistance value is much greater. Reactors are used to limit the short circuit currents which can cause damage to the equipments of the power system. The additional reactance added in series with the system for protection, are called reactors.

What is difference between reactor and inductor?

reactor An electromagnetic device, the primary purpose of which is to introduce inductive reactance into a circuit. inductor A device consisting of one or more associated windings, with or without a magnetic core, for introducing inductance into an electric circuit.

What is reactor and its types?

A Chemical Reactor is a process vessel used to carry out a chemical reaction. The design of the reactor depends upon the thermodynamics and kinetics of the chemical reactions. Types of Reactors. Most Basic types of chemical reactors are tanks and pipes or tubes. These can be either Batch or Continuous Reactors.

What is meant by reactive power?

The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric and magnetic fields of alternating-current equipment. Reactive power is provided by generators, synchronous condensers, or electrostatic equipment such as capacitors and directly influences electric system voltage. …

What is reactive power Example?

Techopedia explains Reactive Power An example is powering an incandescent light bulb; in a reactive load energy flows toward the load half the time, whereas in the other half power flows from it, which gives the illusion that the load is not dissipating or consuming power.

What Happens When reactive power is zero?

Motor loads and other loads require reactive power to convert the flow of electrons into useful work. When there is not enough reactive power, the voltage sags down and it is not possible to push the power demanded by loads through the lines.

Why is reactive power bad?

The movement of the water up the ladder and then down into the tank is like the current in an AC electrical system. Now, this pulsating power is not good in an electrical system because it causes pulsations on the shafts of motors and generators which can fatigue them.

How do you control reactive power?

Reactive power control in general is via:

1. Reactive power control in general is via:
2. – Excitation control.
3. – Switching shunt capacitor banks or reactors, and static.
4. VAR systems or other FACTS.
5. – Tap-changing and regulating transformers.

How do I get rid of reactive power?

Inductive reactive power can be reduced by applying a capacitor bank. With an active dynamic filter, all types of reactive power can be reduced and the derating of the transformer or generator is limited.

What is the source of reactive power?

The sources of reactive power are generators, capacitors, and reactors.