How long should ap bio frq be?
You can see all CollegeBoard AP updates here. For Section II, the AP Biology free-response section, you’ll have 80 minutes (after the reading period) to answer six questions. You will likely spend more time on each of the two long free-response questions than on each of the four short-response questions.
How many FRQS are in AP Bio?
The AP® Biology exam is composed of two sections: multiple choice and free response. There are 60 multiple choice questions and 6 free-response questions (2 long-answer questions and 4 short-answer questions). For the 2021 exam season, the AP® Biology exam is being offered in both paper and digital formats.
What is Preinfection production?
Preinfection production of inactive precursors shortens response time because it reduces the number of steps required to initiate cellular response. Therefore, it’s unnecessary to transcribe and translate the inactive precursors if they are already present. You just studied 5 terms!
What is the effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase on the muscle cells with AChR Type 2?
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse. Describe the effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase on the muscle cells with AChR type 2. If acetylcholinesterase is inhibited in muscle cells with type 2, the cell will be unable to break down the acetylcholine molecule.
What are the consequences of abnormal cell cycle regulation?
c.) Describe how the cell cycle is regulated and discuss ONE consequence of abnormal regulation. The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints, which block cell cycle progress unless specific molecular and/or physical conditions are satisfied. One abnormal regulation could be the continuous division of cancer cells.
What regulates the cell cycle?
The cell cycle is controlled by a number of protein-controlled feedback processes. Two types of proteins involved in the control of the cell cycle are kinases and cyclins. Cyclins activate kinases by binding to them, specifically they activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK).
What is the G1 S checkpoint?
G1/S Checkpoint. The G1/S cell cycle checkpoint controls the passage of eukaryotic cells from the first gap phase (G1) into the DNA synthesis phase (S). Two cell cycle kinases, CDK4/6-cyclin D and CDK2-cyclin E, and the transcription complex that includes Rb and E2F are pivotal in controlling this checkpoint.
How does MPF regulate the cell cycle?
It stimulates the mitotic and meiotic phases of the cell cycle. MPF promotes the entrance into mitosis (the M phase) from the G2 phase by phosphorylating multiple proteins needed during mitosis. MPF is activated at the end of G2 by a phosphatase, which removes an inhibitory phosphate group added earlier.
Is CDK present in G1 checkpoint?
Right panel (+G1/S cyclin): the G1/S cyclin is present and binds to the Cdk. The Cdk is now active and phosphorylates various targets specific to the G1/S transition. The phosphorylated targets cause the activation of DNA replication enzymes, and S phase begins.
What does MPF trigger?
MPF triggers the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase. Growth factor is a protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
What happens when MPF cyclin levels are highest?
(MITOSIS PROMOTING FACTOR) MPF is a cyclin-CDK complex which acts at the G2 checkpoint which triggers the cells undergo mitosis. (MPF activity corresponds to high levels of cyclin it is active when cyclin concentration is high. which ensures that daughter cells do not end up with missing or extra chromosomes.
What triggers mitosis?
Abstract. Entry into mitosis is triggered by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). This simple reaction rapidly and irreversibly sets the cell up for division.
What does S phase stand for?
synthesis phase
What does G in G1 and G2 stand for?
The G1 stage stands for “GAP 1”. The S stage stands for “Synthesis”. This is the stage when DNA replication occurs. The G2 stage stands for “GAP 2”.
What happens during G1 S and G2?
Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells.
What is the difference between G1 and G2?
G1 phase is also known as Gap 1 phase, and it is the first sub-step in interphase of the cell cycle. G2 phase is also known as Gap 2 phase, and it is the second sub-step in interphase of the cell cycle. G1 phase is a long process. G2 phase is a shorter process as compared to G1 phase.
What would happen if each cell did not inherit a complete set of DNA?
If a cell has not properly copied its chromosomes or there is damage to the DNA, the CDK will not activate the S phase cyclin and the cell will not progress to the G2 phase. The cell will remain in S phase until the chromosomes are properly copied, or the cell will undergo programmed cell death.
Why can’t a cell survive without a nucleus?
Nucleus is the brain of the cell and controls most of its functions. Thus without a nucleus, an animal cell or eukaryotic cell will die. Without a nucleus, the cell will not know what to do and there would be no cell division. Protein synthesis would either cease or incorrect proteins would be formed.
What can happen if cells do not duplicate correctly?
Answer: If the cell has not properly copied its chromosomes, an enzyme called cyclin dependent kinase, or CDK, will not activate the cyclin, and the cell cycle will not proceed to the next phase. The cell will undergo cell death.
Why doesn’t DNA leave the nucleus?
DNA cannot leave the nucleus because that would risk it getting damaged. DNA carries the genetic code and all of the information needed for cells and…
What would happen if DNA left the nucleus?
If a cell lost its nucleus and DNA, the cell would eventually weaken and catch the attention of devouring microphages in the immune system.
What happens if a cell doesn’t have a nucleus?
Without nucleus the cell will lose its control. It can not carry out cellular reproduction. Also, the cell will not know what to do and there would be no cell division. Gradually, the cell may die.
What would happen if a cell didn’t have a nucleolus?
( Work Cited Page 2, nucleolus, 2) If a cell didn’t have a nucleolus it wouldn’t be able to produce ribosomes which are vital in creating proteins the cell needs for survival. Also, it would have no way of being able to split and the cell would die.
Can a cell survive without ribosomes?
Inside the cells are specialized structures called organelles that help them perform certain functions. Ribosomes are organelles that create proteins. Without these ribosomes, cells would not be able to produce protein and would not be able to function properly.
What part of a city is like the nucleolus?
The nucleus contains all of the genetic material in the cell like city hall protects all of the important documents in a city. The nucleolus organizes the cell’s activity just like a mayor does for a city. The nuclear membrane is like a cities border because they control what goes in and out.
What happens if you don’t have ribosomes?
A quality control system in cells eliminates most of the faulty ribosomes. This leaves few ribosomes available for cells to use to produce required proteins, which causes anemia and bone marrow failure early in life.
What organelle can we live without?
mitochondria
What cells do not have ribosomes?
Cell Structures : Example Question #7 Explanation: Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that they lack any membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Instead, prokaryotic cells simply have an outer plasma membrane, DNA nucleoid structure, and ribosomes.
Which cells are classified as prokaryotes?
Only the single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes—pro means before and kary means nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotes—eu means true—and are made up of eukaryotic cells.