How prevalent is malaria in the world?
In 2019, there were an estimated 229 million cases of malaria worldwide. The estimated number of malaria deaths stood at 409 000 in 2019. Children aged under 5 years are the most vulnerable group affected by malaria; in 2019, they accounted for 67% (274 000) of all malaria deaths worldwide.
What is the prevalence of malaria in Nigeria?
Six countries accounted for more than half of all malaria cases worldwide: Nigeria (25%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12%), Uganda (5%), and Côte d’Ivoire, Mozambique and Niger (4% each). The incidence rate of malaria declined globally between 2010 and 2018, from 71 to 57 cases per 1000 population at risk.
What is the definition of malaria?
1a : a human disease that is caused by sporozoan parasites (genus Plasmodium) in the red blood cells, is transmitted by the bite of anopheline mosquitoes, and is characterized by periodic attacks of chills and fever. b : any of various diseases of birds and mammals caused by blood protozoans.
How do you calculate malaria incidence?
The malaria incidence rate (I) is the number of new cases of malaria (M) divided by the total population (Pop) and multiplied by 100,000. The malaria death rate (I) is the number of deaths due to malaria (D) divided by the total population (Pop) and multiplied by 100,000.
Is malaria a bacteria?
A: Malaria is not caused by a virus or bacteria. Malaria is caused by a parasite known as Plasmodium, which is normally spread through infected mosquitoes. A mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected human, taking in Plasmodia which are in the blood.
How does malaria kill?
HOW IT KILLS. If drugs are not available or if the parasites are resistant to them, malaria infection can develop to anemia, hypoglycemia or cerebral malaria, in which capillaries carrying blood to the brain are blocked. Cerebral malaria can cause coma, life-long-learning disabilities, and death.
What are the chances of surviving malaria?
The adjusted odds ratio of dying of malaria was 10.68 (95% confidence intervals 6.4 to 17.8, P<0.001) in those >65 years old compared with the >18–35 year old group. Mortality among infants and children was low, with no deaths in the ≤5 age group, and a case fatality of 0.33% (11/3347) in those aged >5–18 years.
What happens if I get malaria?
Symptoms and Diagnosis Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. Malaria may cause anemia and jaundice (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood cells. If not promptly treated, the infection can become severe and may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death.
Is malaria contagious through kissing?
Can you catch malaria by kissing? No – the malaria parasite is not transmitted via saliva.
Does malaria ever go away?
With proper treatment, symptoms of malaria usually go away quickly, with a cure within two weeks. Without proper treatment, malaria episodes (fever, chills, sweating) can return periodically over a period of years. After repeated exposure, patients will become partially immune and develop milder disease.
What antibiotics are used to treat malaria?
- chloroquine (Aralen),
- doxycycline (Vibramycin, Oracea, Adoxa, Atridox),
- quinine (Qualaquin),
- mefloquine (Lariam),
- atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone),
- artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem), and.
- primaquine phosphate (Primaquine).
What drug do you take to prevent malaria?
Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline, and mefloquine are the drugs of choice for malaria prevention in most malaria-endemic regions.
Does malaria affect the lungs?
Pulmonary edema is the most severe form of lung involvement. Increased alveolar capillary permeability leading to intravascular fluid loss into the lungs is the main pathophysiologic mechanism. This defines malaria as another cause of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Does chloroquine cure malaria?
Chloroquine phosphate is used to prevent and treat malaria. It is also used to treat amebiasis. Chloroquine phosphate is in a class of drugs called antimalarials and amebicides. It works by killing the organisms that cause malaria and amebiasis.
Is chloroquine hard on kidneys?
It is concluded that chloroquine administration impairs kidney function, resulting in inappropriate Na + and Cl− retention.
What is the side effect of chloroquine?
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headache, and diarrhea may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Can you overdose on chloroquine?
An overdose of chloroquine can be fatal, and must be treated quickly. Overdose symptoms may include drowsiness, vision changes, seizure, slow heart rate, weak pulse, pounding heartbeats, sudden dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, or slow breathing (breathing may stop).
Can you drink alcohol with chloroquine?
Results from this study indicate that concomitant consumption of alcoholic beverages and oral administration of CQ tablets may aggravate the puritogenic effect of chloroquine since more chloroquine will be available for distribution to skin and skeletal muscle (Osifo, 1980; 1987).
What is the generic name of chloroquine?
Chloroquine, brand name Aralen, is an anti-malarial drug. It is similar to hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), and is useful in treating several forms of malaria as well as amebiasis that has spread outside of the intestines.
Is chloroquine phosphate safe?
Chloroquine is a relatively well-tolerated medicine. The most common adverse reactions reported are stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and headache. These side effects can often be lessened by taking chloroquine with food. Chloroquine may also cause itching in some people.
Did Vietnam soldiers take chloroquine?
US troops in Vietnam experienced ~81,000 cases of malaria, with 1.4 million malarial sick-days and 133 deaths. Chloroquine-primaquine (commercial name: Aralen phosphate with primaquine phosphate; Winthrop-Stearns) was given to troops during the Vietnam War, but it was ineffective against chloroquine-resistant malaria.
Can I buy chloroquine over the counter?
Can you buy chloroquine and proguanil over the counter? Chloroquine and proguanil is available as an over the counter medicine from your pharmacy, so you don’t need to see a doctor for a prescription in order to be able to buy it.
Why was chloroquine banned?
Due to widespread reports of chloroquine ineffectiveness against the malaria parasite in endemic countries outside the African continent, the Federal Government of Nigeria officially banned the use of chloroquine in 2004.
Is chloroquine and quinine the same?
Chloroquine is a synthetic form of quinine, a compound found in the bark of cinchona trees native to Peru and used for centuries to treat malaria.
Why does chloroquine itch?
Another possible mechanism that has been proposed describes a binding of chloroquine or its metabolite to the region of the dermo-epidermal junction which transmit the itching sensation via slow conducting ‘C’ fibres and which are probably modulated centrally.
What stage of malaria does chloroquine treat?
As described above, chloroquine acts on the asexual erythrocytic stage of malarial parasites (it is a blood schizonticide). In addition, chloroquine also exerts activity against the gametocytes of P.