What causes gouty arthritis?
What causes gout? Gout is caused by a condition known as hyperuricemia, where there is too much uric acid in the body. The body makes uric acid when it breaks down purines, which are found in your body and the foods you eat.
What is Nyhan syndrome?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a condition that occurs almost exclusively in males. It is characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities and the overproduction of uric acid. Uric acid is a waste product of normal chemical processes and is found in blood and urine.
What are the symptoms of Lesch Nyhan syndrome?
The symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome include impaired kidney function, acute gouty arthritis, and self-mutilating behaviors such as lip and finger biting and/or head banging. Additional symptoms include involuntary muscle movements, and neurological impairment.
What are the diseases caused by the genetic aberrations in human purine metabolism?
Disorders that involve abnormalities of nucleotide metabolism range from relatively common diseases such as hyperuricemia and gout, in which there is increased production or impaired excretion of a metabolic end product of purine metabolism (uric acid), to rare enzyme deficiencies that affect purine and pyrimidine …
What is disorders of purine metabolism?
The most commonly encountered disorder of purine metabolism is gout. This affects roughly 1–2% of the population and is characterized by hyperuricemia with urate crystal deposition resulting in nephrolithiasis and inflammatory arthritis (Schlesinger, 2010).
What is the end product of pyrimidine metabolism?
Pyrimidines are ultimately catabolized (degraded) to CO2, H2O, and urea. Cytosine can be broken down to uracil, which can be further broken down to N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, and then to beta-alanine, CO2, and ammonia by beta-ureidopropionase.
What are the 2 purines?
Nitrogenous bases present in the DNA can be grouped into two categories: purines (Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)), and pyrimidine (Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)).
How many rings do pyrimidines have?
The pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine are smaller structures with a single ring, while the purines, adenine and guanine, are larger and have a two-ring structure. E. The purines, adenine and cytosine, are large with two rings, while the pyrimidines, thymine and uracil, are small with one ring.
What are the four nitrogenous bases?
Base Pair Attached to each sugar is one of four bases–adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases, with adenine forming a base pair with thymine, and cytosine forming a base pair with guanine.
Is purine a double ring?
The purines have a double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Pyrimidines are smaller in size; they have a single six-membered ring structure.
What are the nitrogenous bases?
Nitrogenous base: A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases in RNA are the same, with one exception: adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U), and cytosine (C).
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?
Five nucleobases—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U)—are called primary or canonical.
How do you identify a nitrogen base?
Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases with 1 ring structure, whereas purines are nitrogenous bases with 2 ring structures. Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines since they both have one ring structure, whereas adenine and guanine are purines with two connected ring structures.
What are nitrogenous base pairs?
DNA base pair. Under normal circumstances, the nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A) and thymine (T) pair together, and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair together. The binding of these base pairs forms the structure of DNA .
How are base pairs formed?
Base pairs are found in double-stranded DNA and RNA, where the bonds between them connect the two strands, making the double-stranded structures possible. Base pairs themselves are formed from bases, which are complementary nitrogen-rich organic compounds known as purines or pyrimidines.
What are the 4 base pairs associated with RNA?
RNA consists of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine. Uracil is a pyrimidine that is structurally similar to the thymine, another pyrimidine that is found in DNA. Like thymine, uracil can base-pair with adenine (Figure 2).
How many base pairs does a gene have?
Human genes are commonly around 27,000 base pairs long, and some are up to 2 million base pairs.
How many base pairs do humans have?
3.2 billion base pairs
Why are there 3 reading frames?
Genetic code During transcription, the RNA polymerase read the template DNA strand in the 3′→5′ direction, but the mRNA is formed in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The mRNA is single-stranded and therefore only contains three possible reading frames, of which only one is translated.