What is an example of a prospective study?
The Framingham Heart Study, the Nurses Health Study, and the Black Women’s Health Study are good examples of large, productive prospective cohort studies. In each of these studies, the investigators wanted to study risk factors for common chronic diseases.
What is a prospective longitudinal study?
A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.
Is a prospective longitudinal study qualitative or quantitative?
Quite often, a longitudinal study is an extended case study, observing individuals over long periods, and is a purely qualitative undertaking.
Is a longitudinal study a cohort study?
Cohort studies are one type of longitudinal study which sample a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation) and perform cross-section observations at intervals through time.
What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
Longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies are two different types of research design. In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.
Can a study be both cross-sectional and longitudinal?
Both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal studies are observational studies.
What are the disadvantages of a cross-sectional study?
As cross-sectional studies measure prevalent rather than incident cases, the data will always reflect determinants of survival as well as aetiology1. Unable to measure incidence. Associations identified may be difficult to interpret. Susceptible to bias due to low response and misclassification due to recall bias.
What are cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies and why is it important to know which method was used?
Unlike longitudinal studies, which look at a group of people over an extended period, cross-sectional studies are used to describe what is happening at the present moment. This type of research is frequently used to determine the prevailing characteristics in a population at a certain point in time.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cross sectional studies?
Advantages/Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional Study
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Used to prove or disprove assumptions | Not used to analyze behavior |
| Cheap and quick | Useless for determining cause and effect |
| Multiple variables at the time of a data snapshot | Snapshot timing may not be representative |
What is the difference between a cross sectional study and a cohort study?
Cross sectional studies are used primarily to determine the prevalence of a problem whereas cohort studies involve the study of the population that is both exposed and non-exposed to the cause of disease development agents.
Which study design is best?
Hierarchy of Evidence
| Clinical question | Suggested best study design |
|---|---|
| Diagnosis | prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard |
| Therapy | RCT > cohort > case control > case series |
| Prevention | RCT > cohort study > case control > case series |
| Prognosis | cohort study > case control > case series |
What is the strongest level of research evidence?
The systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and evidence-based practice guidelines are considered to be the strongest level of evidence on which to guide practice decisions.
What is Level 4 evidence in research?
Level IV: Evidence from guidelines developed from systematic reviews. Level V: Evidence from meta-syntheses of a group of descriptive or qualitative studies. Level VI: Evidence from evidence summaries of individual studies. Level VII: Evidence from one properly designed randomized controlled trial.
Where is qualitative research in the hierarchy of evidence?
At the apex of the hierarchy are the ideal, well-developed qualitative studies. These studies often build on earlier studies, commencing with a comprehensive literature review, which provides the conceptual framework for initial data collection.
What level of evidence are qualitative studies?
Levels of Evidence
| Level of evidence (LOE) | Description |
|---|---|
| Level IV | Evidence from well-designed case-control or cohort studies. |
| Level V | Evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies (meta-synthesis). |
| Level VI | Evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study. |
What is the best research evidence?
Best evidence includes empirical evidence from randomized controlled trials; evidence from other scientific methods such as descriptive and qualitative research; as well as use of information from case reports, scientific principles, and expert opinion.
What is the purpose of an evidence hierarchy quizlet?
a – An evidence hierarchy may be used to rank study findings according to the strength of evidence provided. Systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and electronic databases are resources that are used.
What is a final step in both quantitative and qualitative research?
What is a final step in both quantitative and qualitative research? – Undertaking a literature review. – Disseminating research results. – Addressing ethical issues. – Assessing the trustworthiness of the data.
What is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence?
The reason that studies are placed into a hierarchy is that those at the top are considered the “best evidence”. In the case of therapeutic trials this is the randomized controlled trial (RCT) and meta-analyses of RCTs. RCTs have within them, by the nature of randomization, an ability to help control bias.
Which type of systematic review is used for integrating quantitative findings?
Meta-synthesis may also be used to integrate the findings from quantitative and qualitative studies.