What is meant by bioprocessing?
Bioprocessing is loosely defined as being the production of a value-added material from a living source. For the bioprocess engineer, the goal is to minimize such changes in physiology by understanding and controlling the production process.
What is bioprocessing science?
Bioprocessing is a combination of biological science and chemistry, and a burgeoning science field. “Bioprocessing is an expanding field encompassing any process that uses living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, or chloroplasts) to obtain desired products, such as biofuels and therapeutics.”
Why is bioprocessing important?
The most important applications of bioprocess-engineering research and development related to agriculture and food involve production of agricultural chemicals for control of animal and plant diseases, growth-stimulating agents for improved yield, and biological insecticides and herbicides; increasing bioprocess …
What is Microbial bioprocessing?
A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products.
Is fermentation upstream or downstream?
Fermentation has two parts: upstream and downstream. After product development, the next step is the purification of product for desired quality. When they reach the desired density (for batch and fed-batch cultures) they are harvested and moved to the downstream section of the bioprocess.
What is upstream and downstream bioprocessing?
Upstream processes are those in which biological materials are either obtained from an outside source or inoculated and grown in culture, under controlled conditions, to manufacture certain types of products. Downstream processes are those in which the products are harvested, tested, purified and packaged.
What are downstream activities?
Downstream operations are the processes involved in converting oil and gas into the finished product. These include refining crude oil into gasoline, natural gas liquids, diesel, and a variety of other energy sources.
What is downstream production?
Downstream in manufacturing refers to processes that occur later on in a production sequence or production line. The products being manufactured are created in a sequence of processes. Any process occurring after another is considered to be downstream.
Which of the following is a downstream process?
Downstream processing is the recovery of biological products which includes stages extraction, separation, purification and preservation of the biotechnological products. The product is formulated with suitable preservatives. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
What is a downstream?
1 : in the direction of or nearer to the mouth of a stream floating downstream located two miles downstream. 2 : in or toward the latter stages of a usually industrial process or the stages (such as marketing) after manufacture improving profits downstream downstream products.
What is downstream processing class 12?
Downstream processing refers to the process of purification and separation of products of recombinant DNA technology. Suitable preservatives are added to the product . Proper quality check is maintained. In the case of drugs and medicines proper clinical trials are conducted.
What is broth conditioning?
Biological techniques of broth conditioning include the use of enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and amylases, ageing, lysis (by antibiotics, e.g., penicillin), antigen-antibody interaction between cells, and genetic (e.g., incorporation of genes responsible for flocculation.
Why is downstream processing necessary?
Downstream processing involves multi-step procedures for the recovery and purification of products of interest [115]. From a commercial point of view, the most important objective in downstream processing is to maximize product recovery and, at the same time, minimize the cost of production [115].
What are intracellular products?
Intracellular product is associated with cell growth, whereas extracellular product is secreted by the cells into the bioreactor effluent stream. Intracellular chemicals produced in microbial cultivations are usually energy or carbon storage compounds [30].
What is upstream process?
Upstream Processing refers to the first step in which biomolecules are grown, usually by bacterial or mammalian cell lines, in bioreactors. When they reach the desired density (for batch and fed batch cultures) they are harvested and moved to the downstream section of the bioprocess.
What are upstream activities?
Upstream refers to points in production that originate early on in the processes. Often applied to the oil and gas industry, upstream activities include exploration, drilling, and extraction. Today many large oil companies are integrated, in that they maintain upstream, midstream, and downstream units.
Which of the following is upstream process?
Which of the following is an upstream process? Explanation: Upstream processing includes formulation of the fermentation medium, sterilisation of air, fermentation medium and the fermenter, inoculum preparation and inoculation of the medium.
What is upstream sector in oil and gas?
The upstream oil and gas segment is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas. …
What are the three sectors of oil and gas industry?
The oil & gas industry is broken down into three segments: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream, or exploration and production (E&P) companies, find reservoirs and drill oil and gas wells.
Is LNG upstream or downstream?
Products. Some of the products commonly associated with the Downstream sector include: Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Is oil refining midstream or downstream?
The two other major stages are upstream, which refers to raw crude oil and natural gas production, and downstream, which refers to the refining of crude oil into gasoline, diesel, jet, and other fuels.
What is a downstream oil company?
Downstream Oil and Gas Production The closer an oil and gas company is to supplying consumers with petroleum products, the further downstream it is said to be in the industry. Downstream operations are oil and gas processes that occur after the production phase to the point of sale.
What is a midstream asset?
Midstream Assets means assets used in energy logistics, including, but not limited to, assets used in transporting, storing, gathering, processing, distributing, or marketing of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil or refined products.
Who is the largest pipeline company in the US?
Enbridge
Who owns TransCanada?
TC Energy Corporation (formerly TransCanada Corporation) is a natural gas, oil and power-generation company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. TC Energy owns more than 92,600 km of natural gas pipeline in North America and transports more than 25 per cent of the gas consumed on the continent.
What is the biggest pipeline in the world?
World’s longest pipelines: Natural gas
- West-East Gas Pipeline: 8,707km.
- GASUN, Brazil: 4,989km.
- Yamal-Europe Pipeline: 4,196km.
- Trans-Saharan Pipeline: 4,127km.
- Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean Oil Pipeline: 4,857km.
- Druzhba Pipeline: 4,000km.
- Keystone Pipeline: 3,456km.
- Kazakhstan-China Pipeline: 2,798km.
How many miles of pipeline does the US have?
2.6 million miles
Do all oil pipelines leak?
While it may go drastically underreported to the American public, pipelines leak all the time.
What country has the most pipelines?
The United States
Is it dangerous to live near a petroleum pipeline?
People living near oil and gas facilities along Colorado’s Northern Front Range may be exposed to hazardous air pollutants, including carcinogens like benzene, that could pose health risks above levels deemed acceptable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, according to researchers at the Colorado School of …