What is the relationship between temperature and frequency?
The intensity of wavelength increases with increase in temp and the wavelength itself decreases so the wavelength is inversely proportional to temp and the frequency is directly proportional to temp, but in case of sound waves frequency is not effected the change in speed is due to the fact that the average kinetic …
How does a ring oscillator work?
The ring oscillator uses an odd number of inverters to give the effect of a single inverting amplifier with a gain of greater than one. Rather than having a single delay element, each inverter contributes to the delay of the signal around the ring of inverters, hence the name ring oscillator.
What is the use of ring oscillator?
Ring Oscillator consists of odd number of inverters connected in series to form a closed loop with positive feedback. It is often used to measure the speed of a process. This project deals with designing a 71-stage ring oscillator with fanout of one at each stage.
What is CMOS oscillator?
CMOS Oscillator Having Stable Frequency with Process, Temperature and Voltage Variation. At present Crystal oscillator is the most stable and reliable clock generation technique used as clock generation for any type of SoC.
What is propagation delay time?
Propagation delay is defined as the flight time of packets over the transmission link and is limited by the speed of light. For example, if the source and destination are in the same building at the distance of 200 m, the propagation delay will be ∼ 1 μsec.
How can propagation delay be reduced?
The effect of the higher value current pulses is to reduce the circuit delay through the buffer. Also, the pulse width can be designed as temperature sensitive, and supply voltage sensitive so as to maintain the buffer circuit delay as substantially constant as temperature, supply voltage and process variation occur.
What causes propagation delay?
Propagation delay typically refers to the rise time or fall time in logic gates. This is the time it takes for a logic gate to change its output state based on a change in the input state. It occurs due to inherent capacitance in the logic gate.
What is the effect of VDD on delay?
The time tf1 taken to discharge the capacitor voltage from (VDD-Vtn) to 0.1VDD can be obtained as before. In linear region, Thus the complete term for the fall time is, The fall time tf can be approximated as, From this expression we can see that the delay is directly proportional to the load capacitance.
What are the limitations in increasing the power supply to reduce delay?
9) What are the limitations in increasing the power supply to reduce delay? The delay can be reduced by increasing the power supply but if we do so the heating effect comes because of excessive power, to compensate this we have to increase the die size which is not practical.
What is delay time?
delay time A time gap between the shot-instant and the start of recording by a seismograph to avoid long, blank sections on a record. It is also used in time-domain induced polarization surveying to allow for the dissipation of transient voltages which have no direct relation to the overvoltage.
Can propagation delay negative?
Sometimes cell (typically with strong drive strength) may exhibit negative propagation delay. This does not mean that standard cell’s input and output have non-causal relationship. This is simply a manifestation of choice of delay threshold points.
How do you calculate propagation delay?
It can be computed as the ratio between the link length and the propagation speed over the specific medium. Propagation delay is equal to d / s where d is the distance and s is the wave propagation speed. In wireless communication, s=c, i.e. the speed of light. In copper wire, the speed s generally ranges from .
What is the relation between propagation delay and clock frequency of flip flop?
The longer the propagation delay, the slower your clock is able to run. The reason for this is that both Flip-Flops use the same clock. The first Flip-Flop drives its output at clock edge 1.
What is propagation delay in flip flop?
(2) is the Propagation delay of the Flip Flop [t3 – t2]: this is the time that it takes for the new input to be to propagate and influence the output. (3) is the Hold time [t4 – t2]: the minimum amount of time the Input is held constant AFTER the clock tick.
What is the maximum clock frequency?
Now Minimum Clock Period = 21 ns and Maximum Clock Frequency = (1/21) = 47.6 MHz. Tclk_q delay is the time required by the flip-flop to transfer the input to output after the clock edge arrives. Net delay is the time required to transfer bits from one end of the net to another end.
What is the functionality of a flip flop?
A flip-flop is a device which stores a single bit (binary digit) of data; one of its two states represents a “one” and the other represents a “zero”. Such data storage can be used for storage of state, and such a circuit is described as sequential logic in electronics.
What is the difference between D flip flop and T flip flop?
D Flip-Flop: When the clock rises from 0 to 1, the value remembered by the flip-flop becomes the value of the D input (Data) at that instant. T Flip-Flop: When the clock rises from 0 to 1, the value remembered by the flip-flop either toggles or remains the same depending on whether the T input (Toggle) is 1 or 0.
What will be the final output of D flip flop?
In D flip-flop, output is transparent i.e. input appears at the output. So, for input 0 we get output 0 and input 1 we get output 1. Hence, Final output is ‘0’.
Why JK flip flop is called universal flip flop?
The JK flip-flop is therefore a universal flip-flop, because it can be configured to work as an SR flip-flop, a D flip-flop, or a T flip-flop.
Why clock is used in flip flop?
To avoid this an additional input called the “CLOCK” or “ENABLE” input is used to isolate the data input from the flip flop’s latching circuitry after the desired data has been stored. The effect is that D input condition is only copied to the output Q when the clock input is active.