What is trapezoidal channel?

Trapezoidal Channel is an open channel with a trapezoidal cross section where both sides have the same slope. The flow routing through a Channel Connection is described in Analysis of Connections. Parameters to specify: Length, Slope, Manning’s n, Diameter/Base Width, Height, Side Slope, see Connections.

How do you determine the top width of a canal?

R = Hydraulic radius of the flow cross-section [L]. S = Slope of channel bottom or water surface [L/L]. Vertical distance divided by horizontal distance. T = Top width of the flowing water [L].

Which type of canal is most useful in hilly areas?

watershed canal

What is full supply depth?

Full Supply Discharge • The maximum capacity of the canal for which it is designed, is known as full supply discharge. The water level of the canal corresponding to the full supply discharge is known as full supply level (F.S.L). Again, the discharge will be maximum with minimum cross-section area.

What is full supply level?

The normal maximum operating water level of a water storage when not affected by floods. This water level corresponds to 100% capacity.

Is Canal code a design?

The Bureau of Indian Standard code IS: “Criteria for design of lined canals and guidelines for selection of type of lining” (Reaffirmed in 1991) may generally be used, in addition to special codes like IS: 9451-1985 “Guidelines for lining of canals in expansive soils (first revision)” (Reaffirmed in 1991).

What is the time interval between two consecutive watering called?

The time interval between such consecutive watering is called as “Frequency of irrigation” or “Rotation period”. Every time, the water depth required by the crop varies from 5 to 10cm which again varies with the type of crop. The rotation period can also vary in the range of 6 to 15 days depending on the type of crop.

What is the first watering before sowing the crop?

Explanation: Before sowing a crop first watering has to be done on the land to add sufficient water to the unsaturated zone of a soil which is required for the initial growth of the crop. This watering is known as Paleo.

Which crop has highest value of Delta?

Water Requirements of Crops

Table: Average Approximate Values of Δ for Certain Important Crops in India
Crop	Delta on field(cm)
Sugarcane	120
Rice	120
Tobacco	75

How can improve the duty of water?

Methods of Improving Duty of Water

Proper Ploughing. The duty of water is high in case of deep and proper ploughing because it helps to increase moisture retaining capacity of the soil for a long period.
Crop Rotation.
Method of Irrigation System.
Implementation of Tax.
Frequently Cultivation.
Canal Lining.
Transmission Loss.

How can I improve my duty?

What are the methods of improving duty?

(1) Proper Ploughing:
(2) Methods of supplying water:
(3) Canal Lining:
(4) Minimum idle length of irrigation Canals:
(5) Quality of water:
(6) Crop rotation:
(7) Method of Assessment of water:
(8) Implementation of Tax:

What are the factors affecting duty of water?

Factors Affecting Duty of Water

Soil Characteristics: If the soil of the canal bed is porous and coarse grained, it leads to more seepage loss and consequently low duty.
Climatic Condition:
Rainfall:
Base Period:
Type of Crop:
Topography of Agricultural Land:
Method of Ploughing:
Methods of Irrigation:

What factors affect duty?

Type of the crop : The duty varies from crop to crop. Base period of the crop : If the base period of the crop is more, the amount of water required is high, hence duty will be low. Climatic condition of area : The climatic condition which effects the duty are temperature, wind, humidity and rainfall.

What are the factors affecting evapotranspiration?

This is primarily due to the enhanced amount of precipitation intercepted and evaporated by conifer foliage during these periods. Factors that affect evapotranspiration include the plant’s growth stage or level of maturity, percentage of soil cover, solar radiation, humidity, temperature, and wind.

What is the duty of water?

The total volume of irrigation water required for a particular type of crop to mature. It includes consumptive use, evaporation and seepage from ditches and canals, and the water eventually returned to streams by percolation and surface runoff.

What is meant by duty in irrigation?

The term duty means the area of land that can be irrigated with unit volume of irrigation water. Quantitatively, duty is defined as the area of land expressed in hectares that can be irrigated with unit discharge, that is, 1 cumec flowing throughout the base period, expressed in days.

How is irrigation duty calculated?

For example, if 3 cumecs of water supply is required for a crop sown in an area of 5100 hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3 = 1700 hectares/cumecs, and the discharge of 3 cumecs will be required throughout the base period.

What is Flow duty?

In direct irrigation, duty is always expressed in hectares/cumec. It is then called as flowduty or duty. Flow duty and Quantity duty: It eventually means that every million cubic metre of water available in the reservoir will mature so many hectares of a particular crop. …

What is the difference between duty and Delta?

Duty: The term duty means the area of land that can be irrigated with unit volume of irrigation water. Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit. Delta: It is the total depth of the water required by a crop during the entire period the crop is in the field and is denoted by the symbol ∆.

What is the relation between duty and Delta?

Derive relation between duty and delta. If we take a field of area D hectares, water supplied to the field corresponding to the water depth ∆ metres will be = ∆ x D hectares-metres. Again for the same field of D hectares, one cumec of water is required to flow during the entire base period.

What is the formula of duty?

Calculate the duty cycle, represented by “D,” through the formula D = PW/T. For example, if PW is 0.02 seconds and T is 0.05 seconds, then D = 0.02 / 0.05 = 0.4 or 40%.

What is Delta in civil engineering?

Some quantity of water is required for any crop to come to its maturity. The total quantity of water required for any crop during its base period(B) for its full fledged nourishment when expressed in depth of water(i.e. in ‘cm’ or in ‘inches’) is called its Delta.

What is the delta of water?

A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment.

What is Delta in irrigation?

DELTA  Delta(∆) is defined as the total depth of water required by a crop during its entire base period of the crop .  Delta for any crop can be obtained by dividing the total water required in ha-m by the area in which the crop is grown.

What is the meaning of Delta?

an area of low, flat land, sometimes shaped approximately like a triangle, where a river divides into several smaller rivers before flowing into the sea: the Mississippi delta.5 dni temu

What is Delta short answer?

A delta is a triangular piece of land which is found at the mouth of a river. It is formed when a river deposits the sediments as it flow towards its mouth (a place where a river drain into a lake, sea or an ocean).

Why is it called Delta?

The term delta comes from the upper-case Greek letter delta (Δ), which is shaped like a triangle. Deltas with this triangular or fan shape are called arcuate (arc-like) deltas. The Nile River forms an arcuate delta as it empties into the Mediterranean Sea.

Which is the largest delta in the world?

Ganges Delta