Where does charge separation occur?

Where does charge separation occur?

Charge Separation Strong updrafts and downdrafts occur with regularity and within close proximity to each other. The updrafts transport small liquid water droplets from the lower regions of the storm to heights between 35,000 and 70,000 feet, miles above the freezing level.

What causes charge separation?

The initial cause of a lightning strike is a separation of charge within a cloud. Positively charged particles accumulate at the top of the cloud while negatively charged particles concentrate themselves at the bottom of the cloud. Unfortunately, it is currently unknown why this charge separation occurs.

What is meant by charge separation?

Charge separation is basically the amount of positive and negative charges in a structure, so we always want to try to have the one with the least amount of charge and the one with more spread out charge. This causes stability in resonance structures.

What is charge separation in photosynthesis?

Charge separation is one of the key processes in photosynthetic energy conversion. After absorption of a photon by the photochemically active reaction center, an electronically excited state is transformed into a short-lived charge-separated state.

What is a reaction center answers?

Answer: A photosynthetic reaction centre is a protein that is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The reaction centre contains pigments such as chlorophyll and phaeophytin. These absorb light, promoting an electron to a higher energy level within the pigment.

Does photosystem 2 have a reaction center?

The heart of photosystem II is the reaction center, where the energy of light is converted into the motion of energized electrons. At the center is a key chlorophyll molecule. When it absorbs light, one of its electrons is promoted to a higher energy.

What would happen if photosystem 2 stopped working?

While the electron transport chain, the Hydrogen ion movement help generate the ATP and convert NADP to NADPH. These ATP and NADPH are involved in the synthesis of the sugar during the Calvin cycle. If PS II stop working will affect the synthesis of ATP, NADPH and sugar and their concentration will decrease in total.

What is the difference between photosystem 1 and 2?

The two main multi-subunit membrane protein complexes differ in their absorbing wavelength, where the photosystem I or PS 1 absorbs the longer wavelength of light which is 700 nm while photosystem II or PS 2 absorbs the shorter wavelength of light 680 nm.

What are the steps of photosystem 2?

Here are the basic steps: Light absorption in PSII. When light is absorbed by one of the many pigments in photosystem II, energy is passed inward from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction center. There, energy is transferred to P680, boosting an electron to a high energy level.

What is the function of photosystem 2?

Photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-component pigment-protein complex that is responsible for water splitting, oxygen evolution, and plastoquinone reduction.

What is produced at the end of photosystem II?

It produces atmospheric oxygen to catalyze the photo-oxidation of water by using light energy.

What is produced in photosystem 1?

The light reaction of photosynthesis. High-energy electrons, which are released as photosystem I absorbs light energy, are used to drive the synthesis of nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Photosystem I obtains replacement electrons from the electron transport chain.

What are the products of photosynthesis 1 and 2?

During the process of photosynthesis plants break apart the reactants of carbon dioxide and water and recombine them to produce oxygen (O2) and a form of sugar called glucose (C6H12O6).

Why are the photosystem named I and II?

Answer 1: Photosystems I and II are named such because Photosystem I was actually discovered (and named) before Photosystem II, even though Photosystem II comes before Photosystem I during photosynthesis (i.e., Photosystem II precedes Photosystem I in the electron flow of photophosphorylation).

What is the final product of photosystem 1?

ATP is the product of photosystem I.

What happens if photosystem 1 is blocked?

A herbicide that disrupts photosystem 1 disturbs the electron transport in the light reaction of photosynthesis. It leads to the deficiency of NADPH because photosystem 1 is the electron donor for the NADPH production. The secondary effect of a herbicide that targets photosystem 1 is it disrupts the membrane.

What are 3 factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs?

The main factors affecting rate of photosynthesis are light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.

Does increasing the intensity of light decreases the rate of photosynthesis?

So in the case of a plant, a higher light intensity means more packets of light called “photons” are hitting the leaves. As you rise from low light intensity to higher light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis will increase because there is more light available to drive the reactions of photosynthesis.

What are the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

Three factors can limit the rate of photosynthesis: light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.

• Light intensity. Without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesise very quickly – even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide.
• Carbon dioxide concentration.
• Temperature.

What happens to the oxygen production as the light intensity increases above 40 %?

up to 40% increasing the light intensity increases the oxygen production. Beyond 40% there is no effect. if the light intensity were very low, then the oxygen production would be near zero no matter what C02 level you use.

How light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis experiment?

The rate of photosynthesis should decrease and therefore the amount of oxygen bubbles should decrease. At the highest light intensities it is possible that the number of bubbles will plateau, as photosynthesis can be limited by several factors: light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration.

What is the relationship between light intensity and oxygen gas production?

Oxygen gas is product in photosynthesis. To produce more oxygen, photosynthesis rate needs to be higher. Greater light intensity and higher temperature cause more oxygen production and that translates to rapid rate of photosynthesis.

Why would it be important to know what the limiting factor is?

Why would it be important to know what the limiting factor is? By knowing what the limiting factor is, a farmer can be more efficient in knowing which plant produce and how to produce plants with a higher rate of photosynthesis with less exhaust of material and time.

What are three examples of limiting factors?

Some examples of limiting factors are biotic, like food, mates, and competition with other organisms for resources. Others are abiotic, like space, temperature, altitude, and amount of sunlight available in an environment. Limiting factors are usually expressed as a lack of a particular resource.

What are limiting factors in hunting?

Factors that limit the potential production of wildlife include:

• Disease/parasites.
• Starvation.
• Predators.
• Pollution.
• Accidents.
• Old age.
• Hunting.

Is water a limiting factor?

Resources such as food, water, light, space, shelter and access to mates are all limiting factors. If an organism, group or population does not have enough resources to sustain it, individuals will die through starvation, desiccation and stress, or they will fail to produce offspring.

What are the 4 major limiting factors?

The common limiting factors in an ecosystem are food, water, habitat, and mate. The availability of these factors will affect the carrying capacity of an environment. As population increases, food demand increases as well. Since food is a limited resource, organisms will begin competing for it.

Can humans be a limiting factor?

As the human population continues to grow, different factors limit population in different parts of the world. What might be a limiting factor for human population in a particular location? Space, clean air, clean water, and food to feed everyone are limiting in some locations.

What is a abiotic limiting factor?

Abiotic or physical limiting factors are non-living things such as temperature, wind, climate, sunlight, rainfall, soil composition, natural disasters, and pollution.