Which has lowest propagation delay?
Discussion Forum
| Que. | The digital logic family which has the lowest propagation delay time is |
|---|---|
| b. | TTL |
| c. | CMOS |
| d. | PMOS |
| Answer:ECL |
Why is gate delay important?
Reducing gate delays in digital circuits allows them to process data at a faster rate and improve overall performance. The determination of the propagation delay of a combined circuit requires identifying the longest path of propagation delays from input to output and by adding each tpd time along this path.
What are the two factors that affect propagation delay?
Factors that affect propagation delay are: the way it is measured, the amount of overdrive, the supply voltage, the output driver supply voltage, capacitive loading, the common mode voltage, the configuration (inverting or non-inverting), the edge on which one measures (rising or falling) and temperature.
How can propagation delay be reduced?
The effect of the higher value current pulses is to reduce the circuit delay through the buffer. Also, the pulse width can be designed as temperature sensitive, and supply voltage sensitive so as to maintain the buffer circuit delay as substantially constant as temperature, supply voltage and process variation occur.
What is the effect of propagation delay?
Some IC technologies have interently longer tpd values than others, and are considered “slower.” Propagation delay is important because it has a direct effect on the speed at which a digital device, such as a computer, can operate. This is true of memory chips as well as microprocessors.
What is the cause of propagation delay?
Propagation delay typically refers to the rise time or fall time in logic gates. This is the time it takes for a logic gate to change its output state based on a change in the input state. It occurs due to inherent capacitance in the logic gate.
What causes propagation delay in cables?
Excessive propagation delay can have only one cause: the cable is too long. If you fail propagation delay, check to ensure that the pass/fail criteria match the design specifications. If so, the cable is too long. In many cases, a cable up to 25% too long (125m for Category 5e) will still support most LAN applications.
How is queuing delay calculated?
Queuing Delay = I(L/R)(1 – I) * 1000 = 0.4628*(2600/500000)*(1-0.4628) * 1000 = 1.2928 ms.
What are the major causes of increasing queuing delay?
Queuing delay may be caused by delays at the originating switch, intermediate switches, or the call receiver servicing switch. In a data network, queuing delay is the sum of the delays between the request for service and the establishment of a circuit to the called data terminal equipment (DTE).
What is the average queuing delay for the 3 packets?
2L/R
What is average queue length?
Average queue length is given by m= n-1, being the number of customers in the queue excluding the customer in service.
What is an acceptable disk queue length?
A good rule of thumb is that there should never be more than half the number of spindles in the queue length. If you have a 10-disk RAID volume, the queue length should be less than 5.
What does a long queue length indicate?
If the processor queue length exceeds the value recommended above, it generally indicates that there are more threads than the current processor can service in an optimal way.
How do you calculate expected wait time?
Example: A call is answered 10:12:00 and has wait time=30 seconds. The Estimated wait time (now 20 sec) was updated last time at 10:11:25 (35 seconds earlier). The new value for estimated wait time will be 30 seconds (not (20+30)/2=25) since it’s more than 30 seconds since the previous update of the value.
How do you calculate average customer wait time?
Average number of customers or units waiting in line for service. (D-27) L = Lq + λ/µ Average number of customers or units in the system. (D-28) Wq = Lq / λ Average time a customer or unit spends waiting in line for service.
How is wait time calculated in a call center?
Average Wait Time (AWT) is the average time a caller has to wait before the call is answered. AWT is often referred to as Average Speed of Answer (ASA) and is calculated by dividing the total number of waiting time by the number of phone calls they received in a set period.
How is average wait time calculated in operations management?
Operations Management Basics: Calculation of the time in the queue / waiting time
- activity time = service time factor (average processing time p)
- (utilization / 1 – utilization) = utilization factor.
- ((Cv_a^2 + Cv_p^2) / 2) = variability factor.
How is FCFS Waiting time calculated?
For FCFS, the average waiting time is (0 + 10 + 39 + 42 + 49) / 5 = 28 ms. For nonpreemptive SJF scheduling, the average waiting time is (10 + 32 + 0 + 3 + 20) / 5 = 13 ms. For RR, the average waiting time is (0 + 32 + 20 + 23 + 40) / 5 = 23ms.
Can waiting time be a bottleneck?
Any step in the process can be a bottleneck that impedes faster turnaround time. A value stream map indicates the cycle time for individual steps (Figure 1). In this case, the wait time represents a majority of the cycle time.
How do you calculate service rate?
The ratio of customer arrival rate to customer service rate, x = a/h, also reflects the average number of arrivals during an average service time. This formula can also be shown to represent the fraction of time the server is busy.
How do you calculate arrival rate per hour?
The arrival rate is calculated from the following equation;
- arrival rate = 1/inter arrival time.
- inter arrival time = 1/arrival rate.
- If 12 customers enter a store per hour, the time between each arrival is; inter arrival time = 1/arrival rate.
- = 1/12.
- = 0.083(hours)
- = 0.083 x 60 minutes.
- = 5 (minutes)
How do you calculate service rate per hour?
Service rate = (1/service time) = 1 per hour.
How do you calculate the average arrival rate?
Divide the number of incoming calls by the seconds, minutes or hours per day. For example, say 10,000 calls came in over the course of one day and you want to calculate the arrival rate per minute. The equation would read: 10,000 calls / 1,440 = 6.94444 or the arrival rate is just about 7 calls per minute.
What happens if arrival rate is greater than service rate?
Intuitively, if p ≥ 1, then it must be that λ ≥ µ, and if the arrival rate is greater than the service rate, then the state of the system will grow without end.
What is an arrival rate?
[ə′rī·vəl ‚rāt] (industrial engineering) The mean number of new calling units arriving at a service facility per unit time.
What is packet arrival rate?
The packet arrival rate is λ (packets per second). We make the following assumptions about the system: • The packet lengths (Lk, k ≥ 1) are independently and identically distributed, with some distribution L(l); that is, Pr (packet length ≤ l) = L(l).