Why do coral reefs have low productivity?
Marine ecosystems generally have low productivity. The surface of the ocean receives ample light for high rates of photosynthesis (only 5% of the incident light is reflected) and the dissolved CO2 levels are not usually limiting.
What is Coral productivity?
Coral reefs are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet, with the primary producers at the base of the food chain (including corals) supporting their complex food webs. Although light provides the energy that fuels reef productivity, key nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are also required.
What human activities pose major threats to marine systems and to coral reefs?
One of the most significant threats to reefs is pollution. Land-based runoff and pollutant discharges can result from dredging, coastal development, agricultural and deforestation activities, and sewage treatment plant operations. This runoff may contain sediments, nutrients, chemicals, insecticides, oil, and debris.
What are two threats to corals?
Threats to Coral Reefs
- Physical damage or destruction from coastal development, dredging, quarrying, destructive fishing practices and gear, boat anchors and groundings, and recreational misuse (touching or removing corals).
- Pollution that originates on land but finds its way into coastal waters.
How are humans helping coral reefs?
EPA protects coral reefs by implementing Clean Water Act programs that protect water quality in watersheds and coastal zones of coral reef areas. EPA also supports efforts to monitor and assess the condition of U.S. coral reefs, and conducts research into the causes of coral reef deterioration.
What are the 3 major life zones in an ocean?
The open ocean is divided up into three life zones, the euphotic zone, the bathyal zone and the abyssal zone. The subdivision is based on the penetration of sunlight. The euphotic zone is the upper oceanic zone, where producer species produce oxygen.