Why is surface topography important?
Surface topography refers to both the profile shape and the surface roughness (including the waviness and the asperity or the finish). Surface topography affects the film thickness to roughness ratio and the lubrication regime. These interactions become more important as the thickness-to-roughness ratio reduces.
What is topography material?
The topography of a surface is a direct result of the nature of the material that defines it. The analysis of the topography of a sample, made possible on the nanoscale by the development of AFM techniques, needs to be carefully considered in order to relate the complexity of a 2D surface to the material’s properties.
What are the four main uses of a topographic map?
Uses – Topographic maps have multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture; earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other earth-based endeavours (such as planning and constructing ponds); and recreational uses such as hiking or, in particular.
What are three uses for a topographic map?
A topographic map is a detailed and accurate two-dimensional representation of natural and human-made features on the Earth’s surface. These maps are used for a number of applications, from camping, hunting, fishing, and hiking to urban planning, resource management, and surveying.
What does a sinkhole look like on a topographic map?
Sinkholes are denoted with close contours with inward facing hatchers on the contour lines. In the center of the above topographical map is a large sinkhole. The contour lines have then been drapped over the surface of the sinkhole to illuminate its shape.
Why would a hiker want to use a topographic map?
Topographic maps are used by hikers and backpackers to plan routes, estimate travel times, find water, good campsites, and track their progress on hikes. They’re designed to depict the three dimensional shape of the world (mountains, valleys, plains, etc.)
What do closed contours indicate?
Contour lines that are relatively close together indicate a slope that is fairly steep. Contour lines that are further apart indicates a slope that is relatively flat.
Is Contour always closed?
If every point of a given contour has 2 neighbors, then the contour is closed. If there are 2 points with only 1 neighbor each, then the contour is open.
Can a contour line can branch into different directions?
A contour line should not fork or divide. Contours cannot branch or wye into two contours of the same elevation. Controlling features in locating contours are usually drainage lines. Contour lines crossing a stream point upstream and form form V’s.
What direction does Elma Creek flow?
south
Which way does Long Creek flow?
We also recognize the V shaped contour lines that indicate the direction of water flow. The contour lines point up the page (orange), but Long Creek flows down the page. Contour lines point upstream. Stream flows from high elevation to low elevation.
What is the highest contour line on the map?
Index lines are the thickest contour lines and are usually labeled with a number at one point along the line. This tells you the elevation above sea level. 2. Intermediate lines are the thinner, more common, lines between the index lines.