What are examples of spore bearing plants?
Algae, mosses, and ferns are some examples of plants that produce spores. Although they belong to different clades, they share the same type of reproduction, which is thought to be quite common in the Kingdom Plantae until some groups evolved into seed-bearing plants as another form of reproduction.
Which plants are the most advanced spore-bearing plants?
Advanced spore-bearing plants with true leaves and roots evolved during the Devonian: lycopods (club mosses), spheno-phytes (horsetails), pteridophytes (ferns), and progymnosperms (precursors to the seed-bearing gymnosperms).
Which plants are grown from spores?
Ferns are not the only plants to reproduce from spores. Mosses, liverworts and green algae also have spores.
What are the examples of spores?
Spores are most conspicuous in the non-seed-bearing plants, including liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and ferns. In these lower plants, as in fungi, the spores function much like seeds. In general, the parent plant sheds the spores locally; the spore-generating organs are frequently located on the undersides of leaves.
How do spores form?
Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes.
What kills spores in food?
Fruit juices, beer, wine and milk are often pasteurised. This should kill all the microbes and their spores. Some foods (like milks, soups and sauces) are heated to around 132ºC for a short time.
How do you kill spores in milk?
In pasteurized milk, obtained by a conventional bulk treatment at 61–66°C for 30 min or by a flash pasteurization (also called high temperature short time) at 71·7°C for at least 15 s (but usually 30–40 s), (most) vegetative cells are killed but spores remain.
Are spores destroyed by cooking?
Heating to high temperatures will kill the spores. Temperature greater than boiling (212°F) is needed to kill spores so pressure cookers are recommended for home canning (reaching at least 250-250°F).
Can boiling kill spores?
The vegetative forms of bacteria can be destroyed by boiling but the spores can remain viable after boiling even for several hours. However, the spores can be killed by very high temperature treatments such as commercial canning.
Will hydrogen peroxide kill spores?
In contrast to growing bacteria, which can be killed by hydrogen peroxide by DNA damage, hydrogen peroxide does not kill spores by DNA damage because of the presence of a/b-type SASP in spores but not growing cells (Imlay and Linn 1988; Setlow and Setlow 1993; Setlow 2000).
Why can hydrogen peroxide destroy bacterial spores in the solution?
The hydrogen peroxide molecule has one more oxygen atom than a water molecule, so it acts as an oxidizer. Some bacteria can defend themselves against this, and some can’t.
Is hydrogen peroxide a sporicidal?
Because of its high sporicidal activity but low toxicity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a useful agent for gentle antimicrobial treatment of irritable goods.
Which of the following can not be used for antisepsis?
Aqueous glutaraldehyde which is a disinfectant (inactive surfaces) primarily used for sterilization which would not be consistent with antisepsis….
What is antisepsis and examples?
Antiseptics are applied to the skin before any kind of surgery to protect against any harmful microorganisms that might be on the skin. Treating skin infections. You can buy OTC antiseptics to reduce the risk of infection in minor cuts, burns, and wounds. Examples include hydrogen peroxide and rubbing alcohol.
What is the principle of antisepsis?
Antisepsis comprises a set of techniques aimed at the total sterilization, or at most, disinfection, removing germs that contaminate an environment. Both procedures must be preceded by an environmental cleanup in the location in which they intend to be applied.
Which of the following is an example of Degerming?
The act of handwashing is an example of degerming, in which microbial numbers are significantly reduced by gently scrubbing living tissue, most commonly skin, with a mild chemical (e.g., soap) to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes.
Is the physical removal of microbes?
The physical removal of microbes is called (antisepsis/degerming/disinfection).
What is Germistatic?
a substance or treatment capable of destroying microbes. germistatic compounds. a substance of inhibiting microbial growth (but not killing them)
Which chemical agents will denature proteins?
Proteins are denatured by treatment with alkaline or acid, oxidizing or reducing agents, and certain organic solvents. Interesting among denaturing agents are those that affect the secondary and tertiary structure without affecting the primary structure.