What are the main issues of retraction?

What are the main issues of retraction?

The main cause of retraction was misconduct (65.3%), and the leading reasons were plagiarism, data management and compromise of the review process. The highest proportion of retracted publications corresponded to Iran (15.52 per 10,000), followed by Egypt and China (11.75 and 8.26 per 10,000).

How often are papers retracted?

However, only a tiny proportion of published papers are ever retracted. A survey1 of the Medline database from 1966 to 1997 revealed that of the nine million or so articles indexed during this period, only 235 were retracted—in other words, less than 0.01%.

Why is retraction important?

Why are Retractions Important? Journal editors and publishers should take responsibility for everything published in their journal. Therefore, if anything misleading, incorrect, or fraudulent is published, it is important that the record is corrected so that readers are not misled.

How many papers are retracted?

The data confirm that the absolute number of retractions has risen over the past few decades, from fewer than 100 annually before 2000 to nearly 1000 in 2014. But retractions remain relatively rare: Only about four of every 10,000 papers are now retracted.

What does retraction mean?

A retraction is a medical term for when the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person with asthma attempts to inhale. Retractions are a sign someone is working hard to breathe. But if a person is having trouble breathing, extra muscles kick into action.

How do you understand the word retraction?

Definition of retraction

1. 1 : an act of recanting specifically : a statement made by one retracting.
2. 2 : an act of retracting : the state of being retracted.
3. 3 : the ability to retract.

What is an example of retraction?

When a newspaper prints something incorrect and later takes back what they said and publishes an article saying they were wrong, this is an example of a retraction. The act of taking back or withdrawing (a statement, a plea, an accusation, or a condition of a contract); the withdrawing or taking back of a renunciation.

What is a retraction letter?

A retraction letter is a document that withdraws, or rescinds, a previous claim. In the world of construction and mechanics lien rights, a retraction letter is most often used to retract a preliminary notice or a notice of intent to lien.

How do you use retraction in a sentence?

Retraction in a Sentence ?

1. After I gave my students the incorrect due date for the project, I needed to make a retraction.
2. The sellers upset us with their retraction of our offer.
3. After he gave a false statistic, the politician needed to make a retraction.

What is retraction in history?

The Oxford English Dictionary (2018) defines retraction as “the action or fact of revoking or rescinding a decision, decree, etc.” A more thorough definition is, “the action of withdrawing a statement, accusation, etc., which is now admitted to be erroneous or unjustified…

What is a synonym for retraction?

In this page you can discover 39 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for retraction, like: recall, recantation, disowning, denial, disavowal, abjuration, revocation, withdrawal, annulment, forswearing and unsaying.

What does retraction mean in anatomy?

Short definition of Retraction (in the context of a term to describe movement of the body): Retraction is movement of a body part in the posterior direction, i.e. being drawn backwards. The movement of retraction is the opposite of the movement of protraction.

What causes retraction?

Intercostal retractions are due to reduced air pressure inside your chest. This can happen if the upper airway (trachea) or small airways of the lungs (bronchioles) become partially blocked. As a result, the intercostal muscles are sucked inward, between the ribs, when you breathe.

What is protraction vs retraction?

Protraction and Retraction Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball. Retraction is the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.

What muscles do retraction?

Retraction is accomplished by the actions of the trapezius, rhomboids, and latissimus dorsi muscles. The elevation is accomplished by the trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles.

What exercises should you retract the scapula?

How do you improve scapular retraction?

• QUADRUPED PASSIVE SCAPULAR RETRACTION. This exercise helps your shoulder blades come in towards the spine and teaches the thoracic spine to extend.
• HOOKLYING REVERSE PRESSES. This exercise helps you engage the muscles that retract your shoulder blades.
• STANDING SCAPULAR RETRACTION.

Why is scapular retraction important?

Why is it so important? It’s a movement that focuses on improving the integrity and strength of your shoulder blades. Apart from everything else, it helps improve your posture, making it a crucial movement for everyone to get right.

How do I know if I have scapular winging?

That weakness can make lifting, pulling, and pushing heavy objects hard. Scapular winging often affects your ability to raise your arm above your shoulder. It may also be associated with other symptoms, including: pain or discomfort in your neck, shoulders, and back.

Do push ups help winged scapula?

Scapula winging describes the position of the shoulder blade sticking outwards as opposed to being flat against the ribcage. An untreated winging scapula can lead to more debilitating shoulder injuries like a rotator cuff tear. Doing scapula push ups will exercise the muscles that prevent scapula winging.

How do you fix long thoracic nerve damage?

The treatment of long thoracic nerve palsy depends upon the level of nerve damage that may range from acute injury to severe damage. The treatment options include physical or occupational therapy, and surgery.

How do you know if you have long thoracic nerve damage?

Typical signs and symptoms are as follows: Observable scapular winging at rest (usually inferior border only), with overhead movements, or resisted wall push-ups/push-ups whereby the entire scapula demonstrates winging (see figure 2). Pain around the base of the neck, deltoid, and scapula.

What does a pinched thoracic nerve feel like?

Individuals with a thoracic pinched nerve often experience some of the following symptoms: Pain in the middle of the back. Pain that radiates to the front of the chest or shoulder. Numbness or tingling that extends from the back into the upper chest.

How do you test for long thoracic nerve damage?

The test for identifying a long thoracic nerve injury is the ‘serratus wall test’. The patient is asked to face a wall, standing about two feet from the wall and then push against the wall with flat palms at waist level.

What happens when serratus anterior is weak?

If the serratus is weak, then the shoulder blade literally can’t get out of the way of the arm, and that leads to pinching at the top of the shoulder, frequently known as subacromial impingement syndrome or subacromial bursitis. Over time, it can even lead to development of a rotator cuff tear.

What muscles are weak in scapular winging?

Scapula winging is caused by severe injury to the muscles that control the scapula or to the nerves that supply these muscles. One common cause is injury to the serratus anterior muscle. Without this muscle, the arm cannot be raised above shoulder level.

What causes long thoracic nerve palsy?

Long thoracic nerve palsy can result from sudden or repetitive external biomechanical forces. This investigation describes a possible dynamic cause from internal forces.

How do you treat thoracic nerve pain?

Treatment of Thoracic Nerve Root Entrapment

1. Rest: avoid the activities that produce the pain (bending, lifting, twisting, turning, bending backwards, etc).
2. Anti-inflammatory drugs and other pain medication.
3. Apply ice in acute cases to the thoracic spine to help reduce pain and associated muscle spasm.

How do you release the long thoracic nerve?

Long Thoracic Nerve (LTN) release is a surgery performed to reduce compression on the long thoracic nerve….Treatments performed include:

1. Cryotherapy (Ice)
2. Pain management.
3. Strengthening surrounding musculature.
4. Massage.
5. Myofascial release.
6. Advice on surgery and post surgical management.

What causes scapula winging?

Most lesions associated with winged scapula are the result of blunt trauma due to repetitive movements, as seen in athletics. The most common cause of scapular winging is paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle due to the injury of the long thoracic nerve.