What are the three basic types of identification procedures?

The three basic types of identification procedures are: Lineup, show-up, and photographic array.

What is identification in criminology?

The field of criminology, personal identification refers to the various means law enforcement can use to identify a person as a suspect, witness, or…

What are the means of identification applied by most police departments?

Most major police forces maintain collections of fingerprints that are taken from known criminals in order to identify them later should they commit other crimes. Fingerprints found at crime scenes thus can be matched with fingerprints in such collections.

What is identification evidence?

identification evidence means evidence that is: (a) an assertion by a person to the effect that a defendant was, or resembles (visually, aurally or otherwise) a person who was, present at or near a place where: (i) the offence for which the defendant is being prosecuted was committed; or.

What are the five factors used to test the reliability of an identification?

Second, to assess whether an identification is reliable, judges were instructed to examine the following five factors: (1) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the witness’ degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal; (4) the level …

Why is visual identification evidence unreliable?

Research has found that eyewitness-identification testimony can be very unreliable. Although witnesses can often be very confident that their memory is accurate when identifying a suspect, the malleable nature of human memory and visual perception makes eyewitness testimony one of the most unreliable forms of evidence.

How reliable is eyewitness identification?

Eyewitness testimony is a potent form of evidence for convicting the accused, but it is subject to unconscious memory distortions and biases even among the most confident of witnesses. So memory can be remarkably accurate or remarkably inaccurate.

Why are police lineups notoriously flawed?

The problem with police lineups is that the witness is often provided subtle, even unconscious clues about which suspect to pick by the police officers themselves. As a result, they may provide subtle, if unintentional, cues to the witness about which suspect they consider to be the “right” one.

How can you prove a witness is not credible?

The three most often used methods to impair witness credibility include prior inconsistent statements, character evidence and case-specific impeachment.

Prior inconsistent statements/conduct.
Character evidence.
Case-specific impeachment.
Consider when to impeach.

What are the five basic methods of impeaching a witness?

The five basic methods are: use of contradiction, proof of bad character, proof of inconsistency, proof of bias, or proof of diminished capacity.

Can a witness be biased?

If the expert witness is unable to comply with sworn duties, he or she should not be able to give admissible testimony. Then, he or she is considered biased and disqualified in the case. However, conscious bias may be one of these elements. These persons may provide testimony based on what they perceive.

What happens if a witness change their statement?

Any witness that changes their statement can be impeached with their prior statement. Assuming the truth of the allegation and the original statement, if your wife retracts the statement, she can be impeached by her original statement and…

What if a witness is lying?

A witness who intentionally lies under oath has committed perjury and could be convicted of that crime. The crime of perjury carries the possibility of a prison sentence and a fine (paid to the government, not the individual wronged by the false testimony).

How do you challenge a witness statement?

1. Prepare a supplemental witness statement to identify and deal with the factual inaccuracies contained in your opponent’s statements. Alternatively, it may be possible to apply to strike out parts of your opponent’s witness statements (for example, on the ground that the evidence is inadmissible). 2.

Can I refuse to give a witness statement?

Judith Thompson. It can be very frustrating if somebody has evidence which is helpful or even vital to your case, and they refuse to give you a witness statement and refuse to come to court. Under Part 34 of the CPR, the court has the power to order a witness to attend court to give evidence on a particular date.

What are the three basic types of identification procedures?

The three basic types of identification procedures are: Lineup, show-up, and photographic array.

Can a suspect refuse to appear in a lineup?

As a condition of granting bail or OR release, a judge may require a suspect to participate in a lineup. Unless they have a court order, the police cannot compel suspects who have not been arrested to participate in a lineup.

How does a judge determine whether a confession is proper?

The trial judge in determining the issue of voluntariness shall take into consideration all the circumstances surrounding the giving of the confession, including (1) the time elapsing between arrest and arraignment of the defendant making the confession, if it was made after arrest and before arraignment, (2) whether …

How can police conduct a proper line up procedure?

One way to perform a police lineup is to have the eyewitness identify a suspect during a live lineup. This process usually involves having the suspect and four or five other people line up against a wall. Another common way to conduct a police lineup is to present the eyewitness with a series of pictures.

Which method is used to identify suspects?

modus operandi

What is the term for when a witness chooses a suspect out of a lineup?

A police lineup (in American English) or identity parade (in British English) is a process by which a crime victim or witness’s putative identification of a suspect is confirmed to a level that can count as evidence at trial. This includes loading the lineup with people who look very dissimilar to the suspect.

What is a Diagnosticity ratio?

The accuracy of the identification itself has almost always been summarized with a measure known as diagnosticity, which is simply a ratio of correct and incorrect identification probabilities.

What is a lineup in law?

A lineup is a relatively formalized procedure wherein a suspect, who is generally already in custody, is placed among a group of other persons whose general appearance resembles the suspect. The witness is then asked whether he can identify the perpetrator of the crime.

Why are police lineups notoriously flawed?

Why are sequential lineups better?

According to the absolute-relative judgment theory (Wells, 1984), sequential lineups result in better witness discrimination because the format encourages people to make a strict judgment against their own memory.

What is a blank lineup?

Blank lineup: contains no suspects; all members are known innocent distractors. suspect as the person that they believe is the culprit, then it raises the possibility that the actual witness’ identification was based on the same limited information.

What is a double blind lineup?

The “Double-blind” Procedure/Use of a Blind Administrator: A “double-blind” lineup is one in which neither the administrator nor the eyewitness knows who the suspect is.

What is sequential presentation?

Simultaneous and sequential presentation refers to two styles of presenting a police lineup to witnesses of a crime. Thus, witnesses decide whether the criminal is present while looking at the entire lineup.

What is the difference between a sequential procedure and a simultaneous procedure?

“A sequential procedure is one in which the witness views lineup members one at a time and makes a decision on each before seeing the next. This contrasts with a simultaneous procedure in which all lineup members are available to be viewed at the same time.

When a judge rules evidence to be inadmissible and admonishes the jury to ignore it?

Research shows that when a judge rules evidence to be inadmissible and admonishes the jury to ignore it, jurors have a hard time ignoring the evidence and its influence on their deliberations.

What are the two main categories of variables that affect eyewitness identification?

Leading social science researchers identify two main categories of variables affecting eyewitness identification: estimator variables and system variables. Estimator variables are those that cannot be controlled by the criminal justice system.

What are examples of system variables?

Examples of system variables include factors such as the instructions given to eyewitnesses prior to their viewing a lineup or the number of people who are used in a lineup.

Why do juries find eyewitness testimony so compelling as evidence?

jurors to eyewitness evidence. When expert testimony is presented, jurors do take witnessing and identification factors into consideration and rely less on the confidence of the witness. Opposing experts (defense- and prosecution-hired) produce the largest effects on both sensitization and skepticism.

What are some examples of estimator variables?

Examples of estimator variables include factors such as how good a view the eyewitness had of the perpetrator during the crime or whether the witness and perpetrator were of the same or different race.

What is a estimator variable?

Estimator variables are factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications but that are outside of the control of the criminal justice system.

What is the difference between a system and an estimator variable?

System variables are factors that are under the control of the legal system, such as the wording of lineup instructions given at the time an eyewitness identification is attempted, whereas estimator variables are factors that are not under the control of the legal system, such as the distance between the perpetrator …

Which of the following is an estimator variable that has received a lot of attention in the literature?

Estimator variables. One of the estimator variables that has received considerable attention is the race of the perpetrator relative to the race of the eyewitness (Bothwell, Brigham, and Malpass). Another estimator variable that is frequently cited is weapon focus.

What is suggestive identification?

A suggestive identification procedure is one that suggests to the. identifying witness who is the suspect expected to be identified.6. Suggestiveness may take many forms: asking the witness to pay particular. attention to “number three” in a six-person lineup; having the defendant as.

Which of the following is a system variable in eyewitness research?

System variables are those that might affect eyewitness evidence and that are under the control of the criminal justice system. System variables include the way in which the police question a witness and the procedures for asking a witness to identify a perpetrator in an identification parade.